Exam 3

Zoology 101 with Thoma, Sharon at University of Wisconsin - Madison

About this deck

By: Samantha Kintz
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)

Study Card for Campbell-Reece Biology Seventh Edition
Created: 2012-04-12
Size: 148 flashcards
Views: 29

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nerve net

controls the contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity.

nerves

the axons of multiple nerve cells are often bundled together forming these.

reflexes

the body's automatic responses to certain stimuli.

central canal

the cavity of the nerve cord gives rise to this narrow part of the spinal cord.

cerebrospinal fluid

formed in the brain by filtration of arterial blood.

gray matter

consists of mainly neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

white matter

consists of bundled axons that have myelin sheaths, which give the axons a whitish appearance.

motor system

consists of neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles.

autonomic nervous system

generally involuntary regulation of smooth and cardiac muscles.

neurons

the nerve cells that transfer information within the body.

central nervous system

includes the brain and a longitudinal nerve cord.

peripheral nervous system

the neurons that carry information into and out of the CNS.

sensory neurons

transmit information from eyes and other sensors that detect external stimuli or internal conditions.

interneurons

for the local circuits connecting neurons in the brain.

motor neurons

transmit signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract.

cell body

where most of a neuron's organelles are located.

dendrites

numerous highly branched extensions in a neuron.

axon

an extension that transmits signals to other cells.

synapse

the branched end of an axon that transmits information to another cell.

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that pass information from the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell.

glial cells

nourish neurons, insulate the axons of neurons, and regulate the extracellular fluid surrounding neurons.

membrane potential

the change in difference or voltage of potential energy.

resting potential

the membrane potential of a resting neuron.

ion channels

pores formed by clusters of specialized proteins that span the membrane.

equilibrium potential

the magnitude of the membrane voltage at equilibrium for a particular ion.

gated ion channels

ion channels that open or close in response to stimuli.

hyperpolarization

makes the inside of the membrane more negative.

depolarization

a reduction in the magnitude of the membrane potential.

graded shift

a shift that has a magnitude that varies with the strength of the stimulus, with a larger stimulus causing a greater change in the membrane potential.

action potential

a massive change in membrane voltage.

voltage gated ion channels

opening or closing when the membrane potential passes a particular level.

threshold

action potentials occur whenever a depolarization increases the membrane voltage to a particular value.

refractory period

the downtime when a second action potential cannot be initiated.

myelin sheath

the electrical insulation that surrounds vertebrate axons.

oligodendrocytes

glia in the CNS.

Schwann cells

glia in the PNS.

salutatory conduction

the mechanism for action potential propagation.

ligand gated ion channel

the receptor protein that binds and responds to neurotransmitters.

excitatory postsynaptic potential

a depolarization brings the membrane potential toward threshold.

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

a hyperpolarization is produced.

temporal summation

when the EPSP's add together.

spatial summation

when EPSP's produced by different synapses on the sam postsynaptic neuron add up.

acetylcholine

a common neurotransmitter in both invertebrates and vertebrates.

glutamate

the most common neurotransmitter.

GABA

the neurotransmitter at most inhibitory synapses in the brain.

biogenic amines

synthesized from amino acids and include norepinephrine, which is made from tyrosine.

neuropeptides

relatively short chains of amino acids.

endorphins

decrease pain perception.

schizophrenia

a severe mental disturbance characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients have a distorted perception of reality.

major depressive disorder

when once enjoyable activities provide no pleasure and provoke no interest.

bipolar disorder

involves swings of mood from high to low and affects about 1%of the world's population.

Alzheimer's disease

a mental deterioration characterized by confusion and memory loss.

Parkinson's disease

a motor disorder, include muscle tremors, poor balance, a flexed posture, and a shuffling gait.

ecdysteroid

a hormone that stimulates the growth of adult cells, the programmed death of larval cells, and even the behaviors that bring about the motionless pupal stage.

endocrine system

one of the two basic systems of communication and regulation throughout the body.

nervous system

a network of neurons that transmit signals along dedicated pathways.

local regulators

molecules that act over short distances and reach their target cells solely by diffusion.

paracrine

target cells lie near the secreting cell.

autocrine

the target cell is the secreting cell itself.

neurotransmitters

diffuse a very short distance to bind to receptors on the target cells.

neurohormones

molecules that travel the bloodstream to target cells.

pheromones

chemicals that are released into the external environment.

endocrine glands

endocrine cells that are grouped in ductless organs.

signal transduction

the series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response.

epinephrine

a hormone also known as adrenaline.

pancreas

a gland located behind the stomach.

oxytocin

a neurohormone stored in the posterior pituitary gland.

negative feedback

a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus.

positive feedback

reinforces a stimulus.

insulin

triggers uptake of glucose from the blood into body cells, decreasing the blood glucose concentration.

glucagon

promotes the release of glucose into the blood from energy stores increasing the blood glucose concentration.

hypothalamus

plays a central role in integrating the endocrine and nervous systems.

pituitary gland

a gland located at the base of the hypothalamus.

posterior pituitary

an extension of the hypothalamus.

anterior pituitary

an endocrine gland that synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus.

tropic hormones

they regulate the function of other endocrine cells or glands.

antidiuretic hormone

regulates both physiology and behavior.

prolactin

has activities that include stimulating milk production.

thyroid gland

an organ consisting of two lobes on the ventral surface of the trachea.

adrenal gland

associated with the kidneys.

norepinephrine

known as noradrenaline.

catecholamines

a class of amine hormones synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine.

corticosteroids

when ACTH reaches the adrenal cortex via the bloodstream, it stimulates the endocrine cells to synthesize and secrete a family of steroids.

glucocorticoids

have a primary effect on glucose metabolism.

leptin

a key component of the circuitry that regulates appetite over the long term.

immune system

enables an animal to avoid or limit many infections.

innate immunity

a defense that is active immediately upon infection and is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously.

adaptive immunity

a defense found only in vertebrates.

lysosome

an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls and further protects the insect digestive system.

phagocytosis

the cellular ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign substances.

toll like receptor

binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens.

neutrophils

circulate in the blood and are attracted by signals from infected tissues and then engulf and destroy the infecting pathogens.

macrophages

larger phagocytic cell.

dendritic cells

mainly populate tissues that contact the environment.

natural killer cells

these cells circulate through the body and detect the abnormal array of surface proteins characteristic of some virus infected and cancerous cells.

interferons

proteins that provide innate defense by interfering with viral infectins.

complement system

consists of roughly 30 proteins in blood plasma.

inflammatory response

the changes brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection.

histamine

is stored in the granules of mast cells that are found in connective tissue.

cytokines

signaling molecules that enhance an immune response.

lymphocytes

t cells and b cells.

thymus

an organ in the thoracic cavity above the heart.

t cells

lymphocytes mature into these.

b cells

lymphocytes that remain and mature in the bone marrow.

antigen

any substance that elicits a response from a b cell or a t cell.

antigen receptor

is specific enough to bind to just one part of one molecule from a particular pathogen.

epitope

the accessible portion of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor.

antibody

has the same y shaped organization as b cell antigen receptors, but are secreted rather than membrane bound.

MHC

the host protein that displays the antigen fragment on the cell surface.

antigen presentation

the display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein.

effector cells

short lived cells that take effect immediately against the antigen and any pathogens producing that antigen.

memory cells

long lived cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered later in the animal's life.

clonal selection

the proliferation of a lymphocyte into a clone of cells in response to binding an antigen.

primary immune response

the production of effector cells from a clone of lymphocytes during the first exposure to an antigen.

secondary immune response

if an individual is exposed again to the same antigen, the response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged.

humoral immune response

occurs in the blood and lymph.

cell mediated immune response

specialized t cells destroy infected host cells.

helper t cell

triggers both the humoral and cell mediated immune responses.

antigen presenting cell

an antigen must be displayed on the surface of this.

cytotoxic t cells

the effector cells.

plasma cells

memory b cells and antibody secreting cells.

active immunity

the defenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body and prompts a primary or secondary immune response.

passive immunity

the antibodies provided by the mother guard against pathogens that have never infected the newborn.

immunization

active immunity can develop from the introduction of antigens into the body through this.

monoclonal antibodies

produced by such a culture are identical and specific for the same epitope on an antigen.

behavior

an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus.

behavioral ecology

the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior.

fixed action pattern

a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus.

sign stimulus

the trigger for a behavior is an external cue.

migration

a regular, long distance change in location.

signal

a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another.

communication

the transmission and reception of signals.

pheromones

animals that communicate through odors or tastes emit these chemical substances.

innate behavior

behavior that is developmentally fixed in a way.

cross fostering study

in which the young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another species.

twin study

in which researchers compare the behavior of identical twins raised apart with the behavior of identical twins raised apart with the behavior of those raised in the same household.

learning

the modification of behavior based on specific experiences.

imprinting

the formation at a specific stage in life of a long lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object.

sensitive period

a limited developmental phase when this type of learning can occur.

spatial learning

the establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure.

cognitive maps

a representation in the nervous system of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings.

associative learning

the ability to associate one environmental feature with another.

cognition

the process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment.

problem solving

the cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles.

foraging

includes not only eating but also an activities an animal uses to search for, recognize, and capture food items.

optimal foraging model

natural selection should favor a foraging behavior that minimizes the costs of foraging and maximizes the benefit.

mate choice copying

a behavior in which individuals in a population copy the mate choice of others.

game theory

evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all the individuals involved.