EXAM 4
Management 420 with Turnley at Kansas State University
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What is the relationship between Motivation and Performance?
Motivation and performance are linked by effort ---Which is affected by environment and ability
Motivation
Set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways
Motivation Process
- Need (Deficiency)
- Search for ways to satisfy need
- Choice of behavior to satisfy need
- Evaluation of need satisfaction
- Determination of future needs and search/choice for need satisfaction
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
- Physiology: Basic Needs (i.e.: Food, shelter)
- Security: Safe working conditions (i.e.: stability)
- Belongingness: (i.e.: Friendship)
- Esteem: (i.e.: Status)
- Self-Actualization: Reaching full potential, providing person w/ job flexibility (i.e.: Achievement)
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Facts
- Five levels of need are not always present
- Order is not always the same
- Cultural differences
ERG theory
This is an extension of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs --- it's validated.
- Existence Needs: Physiological
- Relatedness Needs: How one individual relates to his/her social environment (Belongingness)
- Growth Needs: Achievement and self actualization
Expectancy Theory
- Motivation depends on how much we want something and how likely we are to get it
- Most comprehensive and widely accepted piece of motivation
Elements of the Expectancy Theory
- E: Effort to Performance - If we think we can do it
- I: Performance to Outcome - If we think we can be rewarded
- V: Valence - if we like the outcomes
- M=ExIxV
How to maximize Expectancy Theory
- "E" - Recruitment, training, motivation
- "I" - Consistency, reward system, reward ceremonies
- "V" - Customize rewards system
Equity Theory
- Individuals equate value of rewards to effort and compare it to other people
- We compare our ratio of what we get out of it w/ another person
- If there is inequity then it will bother us and we will do something to return it back to equity
Goal-Setting Theory
- Difficulty: Extent to which a goal is challenging and requires effort
- Specificity: Clarity and precision of the goal
- Acceptance: Extent to which persons accept a goal as their own
- Commitment: An individual is personally interested in reaching a goal
Goal-Setting Theory Cont.
- Goals must contain all 4 characteristics
- Goals cannot be so difficult that they are unattainable
Reinforcement Theory
Positive behavior ~> Positive consequences
Negative behavior ~> Negative Consequences
Reinforcement Desirable Behaviors
- Positive Reinforcement: Strengthens behavior by providing a desirable consequence
- Avoidance: Strengthens behavior by allowing escape from an undesirable consequence
Eliminate undesirable behaviors
- Punishment: Weakens behavior by providing an undesirable behavior
- Extinction: Weakens behavior by not providing a desirable consequence
Communication
- The process of transmitting information from one person to another
- Exchanging info to create common basis
Effective Communication
Making sure the intent of message is received as intended
Managerial Roles (Interpersonal)
Figurehead
Interpersonal
Leader
Liaison
Managerial Roles (Informational)
Disseminator
Informational
Monitor
Spokesperson
Managerial Roles (Decisional)
Decisional
Entrepreneur
Negotiator
Disturbance Handler
3 Basic Forms of Communication
- Interpersonal Communication
- Networks and Teams
- Organizational Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Oral:
- Advantages - Fast, quick feedback
- Disadvantages - Inaccuracies, no permanent record
Written:
- Advantages - Accurate, record of communication
- Disadvantages - No feedback, time-consuming
Communication Networks
Wheel
- Most centralized way to communicate
- Most efficient way to do a routine job
- Most decentralized way to communicate
Organizational Communication
Vertical
- Communication that flows up and down the organization
- Upward communication is most subject to distortion
- Communication that involves persons at the same level of the organization
Informal Communication in Organization
Grapevine
- Informal communication network that can permeate an organization
Cluster Chain: Many people tell a few
Nonverbal Communication
Communication exchange that does not use words or uses words to carry more meaning than the strict definition of the words themselves
Barriers to communication
Individual Barriers:
- conflicting or inconsistent cues
- credibility about the subject
- poor listening skills
- predispositions about the subject
- Status or power differences
- semantics
- different perceptions
- noise
- overload
Improving Communication Effectiveness
Individual Skills:
- Encourage two way communication
- Be aware of language and meaning
- be sensitive to sender's and receiver's perspectives
- develop good listening skills
- Follow up
- regulate information flow
- understand the richness of media
Power of Talk: What does the title mean?
- Whoever talks w/ the same linguistic style can understand each other
- Men are heard over women
Power of Talk: Roots
- Goes back to childhood
- Boys socialization is much different than girls
Linguistic Styles: Sharing Credit
- Men will take credit for things
- Women won't take credit
Linguistic Styles: Acting Modest
- Men will be confident in their ability/confidence
- Women are opposite
Linguistic Styles: Asking questions
- Women don't have a problem from asking questions
- Men don't have questions b/c it hurts their confidence
Linguistic Styles: Apologizing
- Women say sorry for conversation (all the time)
- Men don't apologize that much
Linguistic Styles: Giving Feedback
- Women don't want to put people down so they give positives before negatives
Linguistic Styles: Exchanging Compliments
- Women compliment to make conversation
- Men will criticize
Linguistic Styles: Verbal Opposition
- Guys argue just to argue
Benefits of Teams
- Need more resources to solve a problem
- 2 heads are better than 1
- More people ~> Creativity
- More people ~> Quality decision
- Greater commitment to task
- 60% of employee's time is spent in groups
Why people join groups and teams
Interpersonal Attraction
- People are attracted to one another
- Activites of the group appeal to them
- Group's goals motivate them
- Satisfies an individual's need for affiliation
Role Structure
Set of defined roles and interrelationships among roles group members define and accept
Role Ambiguity
When the sent role is unclear
Role Overload
When role expectations exceed individual's capabilities
Interrole Conflict
When 2 roles are in conflict with one another
EX: Dad has to work overtime, but son wants him to go to basketball game
Intrarole Conflict
Conflict with one role
EX: Get a job---Boss wants you to be a star performer, but co-workers want you to be average so you won't make them look bad
Intrasender Conflict
When a single source sends contradictory messages
EX: Sabine's husband complains that the grocery bill is to high, but then complains that they eat hamburger helper to often
Person-Role Conflict
Discrepancy between role requirements and an individual's values, attitudes, and needs
EX: Boss is asking you to do something illegal or morally wrong
Behavioral Norms
Standards of behavior that a group accepts and expects of its members
Factors that contribute to Norm conformity:
- Peer pressure
- Stimulus prompting group behavior
- Individual Traits
- Situational Factors
Group Cohesiveness
- Shows how united the group is
- 7 is the limit for group size
Factors increasing cohesiveness
- Inter-group competition
- Personal Attraction
- Favorable evaluation
- Agreement on goals
- Interaction
Factors decreasing cohesiveness
- Group size
- Disagreement on goals
- Intra-group competition
- Domination
- Unpleasant experiences
How much conflict is ideal?
- If conflict is to low or high then performance is low
- Conflict must be just right to optimize performance
Stimulating Conflict
- Increase competition among individuals and teams
- Hire outsiders
- Change established procedures
Controlling Conflict
- Expand resource base
- Enhance coordination and interdependence
- Set supra ordinate goals
- Match personalities and work habits
Resolving Conflict
- Avoidance
- Compromise
- Confront and Negotiate
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About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
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Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis