Exam 4

Psychology 101 with Mae at Arizona State University - Tempe

About this deck

By: Rohit Ravikotimatam
Created: 2012-04-17
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 131

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj

Sign up (free) to study this.

thomas szasz

critic of the medical model. argues that abnormal behavior usually involves a deviation from social norms rather than an illness

Prior models & medical model

Superstition-people who behaved strangely were thought to be possessed by deoms

medical model proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease

Diagnosis vs. Prognosis

Diagnosis- Distinguishing one illness from another
Etiology: Refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness
Prognosis- The forecast of the illness's probable course

Diagnosis Criteria & Tools

Tools

- Interview

- Observation

- Testing

Criteria

- Deviant: outside norm

- Dysfunctional: interferes w/ functioning

- Demand or Danger

*** 5 Diagnostic Axes of DSM-IV-TR (B,L,HO)

"Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" 4th edition

DSM uses a multiaxial system to evaluaute a person on 5 different domains.

Axis I = Clinical Syndromes
Axix II = Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation
Axis III= General Medical Conditions
Axis IV= Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (Bio-Psycho-Social Model)
Axis V = Global Assessment of Functioing Scale

anxiety disorders

a class of disorders marked by feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorders

Called generalized because the unrelenting worries are not focused on any particular threat; they are often exaggerated and irrational

Phobic Disorder & Agoraphobia

Persistant and irrational fear of an object/situation that presents no realistic danger

panic disorder

characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

agoraphobia

a fear of going out to public places

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Condition in which episodes of anxiety, sleeplessness, and nightmares are the result of some disturbing event in the past

Etiology of anxiety disorders

Genetics - found strong genetic components, familial/genetic links for OCD

Neuroanatomy - studies focused on hippocampus and amygdala

Cognitive/Psychology - cognitive distortions as an interpretation of threats

Environment - early childhood adversity, PTSD

somatoform disorders

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

somatization disorder

a somatoform disorder in which there are numerous physical complaints without verifiable physical illness

conversion disorder

a somatoform disorder in which a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure with out a physical cause

hypochondrias

somotoform disorder in which the person is terrified of being sick and worries constantly, going to doctors repeatedly, and becoming preoccupied with every sensation of the body

Etiology of somatoform disorders

Personality -- hysteria
Cognitive -- excessive attention of physical processes & tendencies to adapt
Sick role -- psychological link --> attention very rewarding sympathetic attention

Dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Dissociative Amnesia

A sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting.

Dissociative Fugue

People lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of personal identity

dissociative identity disorder

a dissociative disorder in which a person develops two or more distinct personalities. Also known as multiple personality disorder

Etiology of dissociative disorders

-stress

-early trauma

mood disorders

a class of disorders marked by emotional disturbances of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical, perceptual, social, and thought processes

Major depression disorder

peopleshow persistent feelings of sadness and despair and loss of interest inprevious sources of pleasure.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (Formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Etiology of mood disorders

neurotransmitters
genetics
cognitive
social skills
stress

schizophrenia disorders

disruptive, disturbing thoughts

major symptoms of schizophrenia

delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, or catatonic behavior
deteriorationof adaptive behavior

Schizophrenia subtypes

Paranoid: delusions, prosecution, or grandeur
Disordered: disturbed emotions
Catatonic: motor (movement) disturbances,range from strict immobility to excessive activity
Undifferentiated: combination of symptomsthat are not included in the above subtypes.

New Proposed Schizophrenia Classification

Positive Symptoms: Behavioral peculiarities- hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of idea

Negative Symptoms: Behavioral deficits- flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech

Etiology of Schizophrenia

Genetic Vulnerability
Neurochemical Factors
Structural Abnormalities in the Brain
The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
Expressed Emotion
Precipitating Stress

culture-bound disorders

abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups

Eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia)

Anorexia nervosa: involves intense fearof gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal weight, anddangerous measures to lose weight.

Bulimia nervosa: involves habitually engaging in out-of-controlovereating followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts, such as selfinducedvomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics, and excessive exercise

etiology of eating disorders

genetic vulnerability
personality factors
cultural values
the role of the family
cognitive factors

Comorbidity

The coexistence of two or more disorders.

Psychological disorders and the law

Insanity defense- legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness

Involuntary Commitment- people are hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will.

Psychotherapies (including effectiveness and controversies)

insight

behavioral

biomed

Effectiveness of Insight Therapy

Psychoanalysis can be effective, but extremely long; Client Centered Therapy - half the patients show meaningful recovery in about 20 sessions

Behavioral Therapies

Action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed a changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of the behavior.

Biomed therapies

biomedical therapies-medication, surgery, shock
mood stabilizer
-controversy--not dealing with the problem

The results of outcome research on the effectiveness of different psychotherapies reveal that

No single type of therapy is consistently superior

Behavior therapies are most effective in treating problems

Cognitive therapies are most effective in treating depressed emotions

Alternatives to individual therapies

group therapy, couples therapy, family therapy

Institutionalization

The process of institutionalizing the mentally ill

deinstitutionalization

the transfer of former mental patients from institutions to the community.

Milgram

Studied obedience to authority by putting subjects in a situations where they believed they were shocking someone potentially fatally

Asch

Studied compliance- by putting subjects in groups, asking simple questions where some assistants have been told to give wrong answers

hendrick

came up with the love style categories

Berscheid & Walster

Proposed that romantic relationships are characterized by two kinds of love- either passionate or compassionate

Sternberg

Triangular theory of love:

intimacy
passion
commitment

social cognition

the processes by which people come to understand others

Person Impression Biases (Self & Other)

Lake Wobegon Effect- Inflated self-evaluations
Spotlight Effect- Inflated feeling of being the center of attention
Assumed Consensus Effect: Inflated sense of shared beliefs

Unwanted Thoughts

Experiment where people were told to think about anything except white bears

- they thought about white bears

Stereotype vs. prejudice vs. discrimination

Stereotype: beliefs that link groups with certain traits.

Prejudice: negative feelings because of social group.

Discrimination: negative behaviors directed at someone because of their group.

Most common stereotypes

gender, age, race

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Do we function in a group or as individuals?

Individualism - As individuals

Collectivism - In a group

Attitude theories

Classical conditioning

Operantconditioning

Observational learning

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

operant conditioning

a form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

observational learning

learning by observing others.

persuasion

the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message.

Source factors (4)

•Credibility

•Trustworthiness

•Attractiveness

•likeability

Message factors

Message structure, Message content, and Language

Audience factors (2)

•Forewarning

•Latitude of acceptance

passionate vs companionate love

passionate- intense longing for union and intense physiological arousal
companionate- deep attachment and commitment to a person in an intimate relationship

Triangular Theory of Love Relationships

•Intimacy: liking the person, companionate love

•Passion: sexual attraction

•Commitment: intention to stay in relationship

•P only- infatuation, crush

•C only- arranged marriage, stay together for kids, emptylove

•I only- sharing relationship

•I & P – romantic love

•P & C – fatuous love, foolish

•I & C – companionate love (not the same as W&W’sdefinition)

•Not everyone finds a relationship with all 3 things (allthree: consumate love)

Love Styles & Research

Eros: Physical looks- Love at first sight
Ludus: Love games- Not serious
Storge: Evolution from friendships- Slow development
Pragma: Choosing mate for a reason- Looks, IQ, etc.
Mania: Dramatic- "Roller coaster"
Agape: Selfless- Putting partner first

Conformity experiment

1/3 to 1/2 of the subjects make a judgment contrary to objective fact and in conformity with the group

Mass Murderers vs. Serial Killers

Mass Murderers:

Mental break cause by downfall
Suicidal after killing spree
Use a gun

Serial Killers:

Single victims at a time
Need dominance and control
Love to kill so disregard it being wrong
Sporadic and continuous killing
Use slower methods to kill

Milgram's Obedience Study

shocks delivered to a patient were delivered even when the patient was screaming in pain because the man in the lab coat in the room with the shocker was telling the shocker it had to be done

Group behavior

Social loafing

Deindividuation

Bystandereffect

Groupthink

What is social loafing?

the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad

bystander effect

people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone

Groupthink

Emphasis of group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making

Social influence techniques

Foot-in-the-door

Reciprocitynorm misuse

The lowballtechnique

Feignedscarcity

foot-in-the-door

a technique that involves a small request followed by a larger request

Reciprocity Norm Misuse

Reciprocity Norm: People should pay back in kind what they receive from others

lowball technique

getting someone to commit to an attractive proposition before its hidden costs are revealed

Feigned Scarcity

Pretending something is rare so people will be more apt to purchase it.

About this deck

By: Rohit Ravikotimatam
Created: 2012-04-17
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 131

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj