Exam 5

Psychology 2310 with Ludlam at University of Missouri- Columbia

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By: jen schelich
Created: 2012-05-02
Size: 46 flashcards
Views: 9

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Clark and Clark (1947)

showed that African-American children as young as 3 were already convinced that it was not desirable to be black, choosing to play with white rather than black dolls

Prejudice

a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group
problems can be subtle: might involved a stereotype about a positive attribute

ex: African-Americans better at sports

Stereotype

a generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variations among the members

Stereotype Origin

Greek: stereos: "firm, solid" typos: impression
first came about in the world of printing: originally a duplicate impression of an original
american journalist coined the metaphor "a picture in our heads whether right or wrong

Feldman-Summers and Kiesler (1974)

man succeeds: due to ability

woman succeeds: due to hard work and motivation

Swim and Sanna (1966)

man fails: due to bad luck or low effort

woman fails: due to ability

Nichols (1975)

suggests that men with muscular bodies have a distinct social advantage over thin or fat men since people have a more positive stereotype of muscular men than of non-muscular men

Discrimination

An unjustified negative or harmful action toward the members of a group simply because of their membership in that group

Bond, Dicandia, and McKinnon

compared how white vs. black patients in a psychiatric hospital (run by an all-white staff) were treated; they assumed blacks would be more violent and their offenses were more likely to be treated with physical restraints or drugs

Causes of Prejudice

1. The way we think (social cognition)

2. How we give meaning (attributional biases)

3. Economic Competition (realistic conflict theory)

4. The way we conform (normative rules)

In-group Bias

positive feelings and special treatment for people we have define as being part of our in-group and negative feelings and unfair treatment for others simply because we have defined them as being in the out-group

Minimal Group Paradigm

An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary & seemingly meaningless criteria & then examine how members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another

Tafjel

postulates that the underlying motive behind in-group bias is self-esteem maintenance and enhancement
in these minimal groups, people still displayed in-group bias by rating in-group members more highly, liking them better, and rewarding them more

Out-group Homogeneity Bias

the belief that "they" are all alike
in-group members tend to perceive out-group members as being more similar than they really are- and more homogeneous than the in-group members

The Failure of Logic

logic is not effective in countering emotions
schemas, when firmly held, will affect the way a person attends, process, and recalls information

Activation of Stereotypes

stereotypes exist in most of us and are easily activated to have negative effects on the perception and treatment of out-group members

Greenberg & Pyszczynski (1985)

2 people (1 white, 1 black) debate over nuclear energy
planted audience member said...

1. a racist remark at black debater
2. a non-racist, negative comment about white
3. nothing

only when the racist comment was said did the audience rate the black significantly lower

Automatic and Controlled Processing of Stereotypes

stereotypes are automatically triggered under certain conditions
for people who are not deeply prejudiced, their controlled process can later override these stereotypes

distraction, fatigue, inattention can interfere

Devine

automatic and controlled processing of stereotypes

argued that members of society share an archive of accessible stereotypes, even if they do not blieve them.

Two step model of cognitive processing:

1. automatic processing bring up info

2. controlled processing can refute or ignore it

The Justification-Suppression Model of Prejudice

Crandall and Eschleman

people need to manage the urge to express prejudice and the need to maintain a positive self-concept

have to suppress the urge

An easy way out is to find a justification for expressing the prejudice

Illusory Correlation

when we expect two things to be related, we fool ourselves into believing that they are, even though they are actually unrelated

Kunda & Oleson (1997)

changing stereotypical beliefs

when people are presented with an example or two that seems to refute their existing stereotype, it actually strengthened their stereotypical belief because the disconfirming evidence challenged them to come up with additional reasons for holding on to that belief

Ultimate Attribution Error

our tendency to make dispositional attribution about an individual's negative behavior to an entire group of people

Blaming the Victim

Those who suffer must deserve their fate

can be extended to groups as well as individuals

This tendency is typically motivated by a desire to see the world as fair and just, where people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Stereotype Threat

the apprehension experienced by members of a minority group that they might behave in a manner than confirms an existing cultural stereotype

Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson

When African-American students find themselves in highly evaluative educational situations, most tend to experience apprehension about confirming the existing negative cultural stereotype of "intellectual inferiority"

Realistic Conflict Theory

limited resources lead to conflict among groups and result in prejudice and discrimination

-thus prejudiced attitudes tend to increase when times are tense and conflict exists over mutually exclusive goals

Modern prejudice

Any expression of prejudice that is subtle, easily justified and, hence, difficult to detect

Bogus Pipeline Technique

the person whose attitude or emotion is being measure is told they are being monitored by a machine or polygraph, resulting in more truthful answers

Hostile Sexism

stereotypical views of women that suggest that women are inferior to men

Benevolent Sexism

stereotypically positive views of women
tends to idealize women more romantically

Sherif's "Robber's Cave" Experiments

Experiment that showed competition creates hostility, prejudice and discrimination while cooperation achieves superordinate goal and eliminates problems

Kurt Lewin

Social psych questions are best tested with the experimental method
such studies can be used to understand basic process and develop theories
theories and methods can be used to address social problems

Critical Incident Stress Debriefing

Psychological, emotional, and educational group process to lessen the impact of a critical incident.

Commons Dilemma

a situation in which everyone takes from a common pool of goods that will replenish itself if used in moderation but will disappear if overused

Orbell (1988)

commons dilemma

study where participants had the option to pool $6 or keep it
if everyone pooled it then it would double to $12, but if not everyone did it, they would all lose their money
result #1 (w/o communication): everyone thought of themselves and kept the money
result #2 (w/ communication): everyone pooled their money

Van Vugt and Samuelson

compared homes with water meters and those without
those with meters consumed less water than residents without

Dickerson, et al (1992)

inducing hypocrisy
intercepted female students on way to the shower & timed their showers
three conditions:
1. given measure of water usage
2. signed petition
3. did both
huge reduction w/ third condition

Siero et al. (1996)

found that posting notices asking employees to take specific actions (closing windows and turning off lights) and providing weekly feedback as to energy save, modest improvement in energy conservation was achieved
by providing social comparison information with another work group, a large improvement in conservation was achieved

Satisfying Relationships

the quality of one's social relationships is perhaps the best predictor of whether someone is happy

Affective Forecasting

The ability to predict one's emotional reactions to future events

Flow

a highly desired state that occurs when people are "lost" in a challenging but attainable task
people tend to be happier when they are working at something they enjoy and making progress than when they achieve their goal

Hedonic Psychology

the study of what makes experiences and life pleasant and unpleasant
concerned with feelings of pleasure and pain, interest and boredom, joy and sorrow, and satisfaction and dissatisfaction

What makes people happy?

1. having satisfying relationships with other people

2. pursuing something you love

3. helping others

Helping Others

connects people to others and enhances social relationships
allows helpers to view themselves in a more positive light

Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade

randomly assigned students to perform 5 acts of kindness in one day
people assigned to this condition were happier than those randomly assigned to go about their normal routine, and this elevated happiness persisted for several weeks

About this deck

By: jen schelich
Created: 2012-05-02
Size: 46 flashcards
Views: 9

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy