exam 6 (opioids, handout)

Psychology 268 with Azorlosa at West Chester University of Pennsylvania

About this deck

By: Anonymous
Textbook:

Drugs and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology (6th Edition)
Created: 2011-04-28
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 27

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opiates/opioids

any drug, either natural or synthetic in origin, that has properties similar to opium or its main active ingredient, morphine.

opiate

the term that should be used only to refer to drugs of natural origin

(derived from opium)

opioid

term that should be used in reference to all opiate-like drugs, including opiates and synthetic drugs

narcotic analgesics or narcotics

opioids are also frequently referred to as what two terms?

poppy

the main natural source of opium

Asia Minor

Papaver somniferum (poppy) had its origins here.

sap; petals

opium is the ___ that exudes out of scratches made in the seedpods of the poppy after the ___ have fallen off.

- the scratches are made one day; the next day, the (first word) is scraped off and compressed into cakes of opium.

morphine and codeine

the two main active ingredients in opium

heroin

a semisynthetic opiate made by adding two acetyl groups to the morphine molecule (diacetylmorphine or diamorphine).

10 times

heroin is how much more lipid soluble than morphine and, therefore, gets to the brain gaster and in higher concentrations?

morphine sulfate

morphine's generic name

meperidine (aka pethidine or Demerol)

drug that appears to have similar pharmacological and behavioral effects as morphine.

- shorter acting

Methadone & LAAM

two drugs that have a much longer duration of action than morphine and are much more effective when given orally.

oxycodone

sold as Percocet (if mixed with acetaminophen) or Percodan (if mixed with aspirin)

OxyContin

more notorious formulation of oxycodone

- tablet that contains many times the oxycodone of a regular tablet but in a slow-release form.

- designed to give long-term pain relief to arthritis sufferers

China White

the best known "designer drug" based on the fentanyl molecule

MPTP

designer drug created in an attempt to synthesize pethidine

- metabolized into a toxin that destroyed the substantia nigra

- result: "frozen addict" - a person with severe symptoms of Parkinson's

dextromethorphan

a common ingredient in cough-suppressant medicines like Robitussin.

- does not have an effect on opioid receptors, but appears to have effects similar to PCP.

naloxone

a pure antagonist that will block the action of any other opioid

Chinese

country of people who invented the practice of opium smoking

tincture of opium

aka laudanum, which was opium dissolved in alcohol.

1898 by Heinrich Dreser

heroin was invented when and by who?

"chasing the dragon"

newer form of smoking heroin

- oil-rich, relatively pure heroin is heated on metal foil until it vaporizes. the user then inhales it through a tube, chasing the smoke so as not to miss any.

nalorphine and naloxone

the two most important opioid antagonists that are poorly absorbed from the digestive system.

lungs, liver, spleen

after absorption into the blood, most opioids are concentrated where in the body? (3 places)

basal ganglia, amygdala, periaqueductal gray

within the brain the brain, opioids are concentrated in what 3 areas?

2 hours, 3-6 hours, 24 hours

half-life of morphine =

half-life of codeine =

90% of morphine is eliminated how long after administration?

10-25 hours

compared to other opioids, methadone has an extremely long half-life of ____ because it becomes bound extensively to blood proteins and is not available for metabolism.

Harrison Narcotic Act

In the U.S., all opioids were banned by what act in 1914?

methadone and LAAM

synthetic opioids with much longer half-lives

endorphines or enkephalins

the body uses endogenous opiate-like chemicals called ____ or ____ as both neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.

mu, kappa, delta

3 opioid receptors

mu receptor

which opioid receptor is responsible for reinforcing and many analgesic effects?

periaqueductal or central gray

one opioid system involves the spinal cord and a part of the brain known as the _______ or ______ which is thought to mediate some of the analgesic properties of the opioids.

nucleus accumbens; respiratory center

opioids also activate the ______ and depress the _________.

sleepy/dreamy; rushes

opioids cause a _____ state.

- when taken intravenously, they cause _____, or feelings of intense pleasure resembling orgasm.

mu agonists

_____ cause feelings of pleasure and rushes at high doses in experienced users but often have unpleasant effects on inexperienced subjects.

constipation

diminished sex drive & sexual performance

chronic opioid use causes what 3 things?

intellectual or physical

if doses are not too high, chronic opioid use does not interfere with ____ or ____ abilities

slow

opioids ___ the behavior of nonhumans responding on both positively and negatively reinforced schedules.

avoidance; punishment-suppressed

opioids slow ________ responding at doses that do not affect escape but do not increase ________ behavior.

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE

opioid withdrawal symptoms, although unpleasant, are not life threatening.

90%

most attempts to treat chronic heroin use have a very high relapse rate of about what percentage?

methadone or LAAM or buprenorphine

The most popular current treatment for chronic heroin use is maintenance on a long-acting opioid such as (3 answers)

increase activity at low dose

result of Morphine dose-response curve

methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol

3 pharmacological treatments of opioids

tramadol

partial agonist

blocks reuptake of NE and 5HT which combats depression

clonidine

helps block some withdrawal symptoms

detox

rapid anesthetic assistance

nalaxone

precipitated withdrawal, almost instantly

helps aid w/ physical dependence

large relapse rate

not highly regarded

Siegel's Model of Classical Conditioning

(Content-specific tolerance) or Contextual or Associative

CS > US > UR

Cues >Drugs > Drug Effect

CCR (opposite direction of drug's effects)

paired

unpaired

saline

3 groups of rats in the Siegel Model lab

DE (distinctive environment)

where the cues occur

all groups in DE are given Morphine

after 8 sessions, what is done first on Test Day?

all groups in DE given Morphine

wait 30 mins

Hot Plate or Tail Flick

Look for latency to respond (how long?)

4 steps on Test Day of Siegel's Model

paired group

which group of rats are most tolerant to morphine after test?

saline group

which group of rats are least tolerant to morphine after test?

in DE, all groups are given massive amount of Heroin

On Test Day of the heroin experiment, what is done?

death

dependent variable on heroin test day

DOCs (drug onset cues)

the difference between the results of unpaired and saline group is due to what?

process of DOCs

early drug effect serves as a cue for the later, bigger drug effect

cue serves as CS for US

so, ___ elecit CCRs

less tolerance with SC

more tolerance with IV due to DE (no early DOCs)

Grisel

- Paired group in DE > SC of Morphine result?

- Paired group in DE > IV of Morphine result?

Overshadowing (pavlov)

CS1 CS2 > Food

tone light

-------------------------

tone > CR

light > less CR

Extinction

CS > US (Acquisition)

--------------

CS --- US (doesn't occur)

Drug Treatment

Cues > No Drug

carry out treatment until Spontaneous Recovery is gone

Spontaneous Recovery

partial recovery of extinguished response due to passage of time

occasion setters (OC); CS

in the example of quitting smoking:

habits =

sight of pack of cigs =

Renewal

OC (CS > no US) not followed by feel of nicotine

so if you quit smoking for 6 months, go into a bar, see a pack of cigs & get craving, what's that called?

Reinstatement

AO > antiopiate peptides

> CCKb functions as AO and will reduce analgesic properties of MU opioids

CCKb > antiopiate

Cues > Heroin produces/elicits CCKb

CCKb to restore homeostasis

mu receptor

the receptor that has a diffuse distribution throughout the limbic system, including the hippocampus and the amygdala, and throughout the thalamus and the locus coeruleus.

delta receptor

the receptor that is located in the limbic system, including the hippocampus and the amygdala, but in regions that do not overlap with the mu receptor distribution.

kappa receptor

the receptor that has a third distinct distribution that includes the nucleus accumbens, the VTA, the hypothalamus, and specific regions of the thalamus.

About this deck

By: Anonymous
Textbook:

Drugs and Behavior: An Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology (6th Edition)
Created: 2011-04-28
Size: 73 flashcards
Views: 27

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj