Exam I
Atmospheric And Oceanic Sciences 101 with Martin at University of Wisconsin - Madison
About this deck
By: Brianna Hesselberg
Textbook: (WCS) Introduction to Weather and Climate
Created: 2012-02-14
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 18
Textbook: (WCS) Introduction to Weather and Climate
Created: 2012-02-14
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 18
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What is the Atmosphere?
= mixture of gases that surrounds solid earth
= largely contained within the first 50 km (50 miles) above the solid earth
What can we measure about the atmosphere? (5)
- temperature
- humidity
- wind direction & speed
- chemical species
- pressure
Definition of pressure
P = Force (weight)
-----------------------
area
Why do snow shoes work?
- reduce pressure
- expand area
- spread it out
Earth's Original Atmosphere
He - Helium
H - Hydrogen
CH4 - Methane
NH3 - Ammonia
The difference of Today
1) H and He are so light that they escaped the pull of earth's gravity
2) Outgassing of water vapor H20 and carbon dioxide CO2 and Nitrogen N2
Earth's 2nd Atmosphere
CH4 - Methane
NH3 - Ammonia
N2 - Nitrogen
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
Ar - Argon
H20 - Water vapor
Ne - Neon
Kr - Krypton
Earth cooled...(5)
- and the water vapor began to form clouds & it began to rain!
- forming oceans, lakes, and rivers.
- As carbon dioxide was gradually soaked up by these reservoirs and atmosphere, became rich in nitrogen!!!
- primitive plants evolved in ocean
- plants produce food by PHOTOSYNTHESIS!!!
Photosynthesis Thing
Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H20 --> 6O2 + C6H12O6
glucose
What is responsible for adding oxygen to the Atmospheric mixture?
LIFE
What other chemical was produced?
OZONE (O3)
OZONE is regulated by 2 reactions:
1) O3 + UV light --> O2 + O
2) O2 + O --> O3
What does the OZONE protect us from?
those deadly UV rays!!!
Life responds to...and how?
oxygen & OZONE!
1) Life "colonizes" dry land (OZONE protects it)
2) Oxygen breathing animals can be big!
The Current Atmospheric Composition is...
nitrogen - 75.5%
oxygen - 23.1%
Argon - 1.3%
carbon dioxide - .037%
AND variable amounts of water vapor!!!
Area & Volume
Area = length x width
Volume = length x width x height
Force & Kinetic Energy
Force (weight) = mass of object x acceleration
K.E. = 1/2 x mass x (velocity)2
Temperature
= a mixture of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up that substance
Pressure
Pressure = Force
-----------
area
Density
D = mass (# of molecules)
-------------------------------------
VOLUME
There's a relationship between...
density, pressure, and temperature
If temperature is increased...
1) Kinetic energy of molecules increases
2) Each molecule impacts a larger force when striking the sides of tank
3) Total force exerted by molecules is larger
4) Since surface area of tank remains the same, Pressure Increases!
As long as the balloon is elastic, what happens with pressure?
The pressure inside can be held constant
Balloon.
If temperature increases...
1) KE of molecules increases
2) Total force exerted by the molecules increases
3) If force increases, but pressure stays the same, SA of the balloon must increase
4) Volume increases since density = mass/volume--> density decreases
Summary
1) w/ constant density, if temperature increases, then pressure increases
2) w/ constant pressure, if temperature increases, then density decreases
3) w/ constant temperature, if density increases, then pressure increases
A stronger statement: Ideal Gas Law
pressure = density x R x temperature
Pressure is proportional...
to the force (weight) of the air above you.
Density
- the air does not generally sink of its own accord so, density decreases w/ height
(except sometimes in thunderstorms)
Temperature
- more complex than pressure or density
Lapse rate
- rate of change of air temperature with height (oC/km)
- different in different layers of the atmosphere
Troposphere (4)
= lowest 10 km of atmosphere
- all the weather occurs in his layer
- temperature generally decreases w/ height in Troposphere
- surface is warmest because only the surface of earth is directly heated by solar rays
Average Lapse Rate
6.5 oC/km
Height of the tropopause is variable
- low in winter
- high in summer
Stratosphere (4)
- AKA temperature inversion
- air temperature increases w/ height
- Inversion is present in the stratosphere b/c of OZONE (O3)
- CAPS the stratosphere at ~ 50 km
Mesosphere
- temperature decreases w/ height up to ~ 85 km
- the isothermal MESOPAUSE sits atop this layer
Thermosphere
- temperature increases w/ height
- solar rays are absorbed by O2 & this warms the "air"
Homosphere & Heterosphere
- below ~ 80 km, the atmosphere is well mixed ---HOMOSPHERE---
- above this level, different molecules settle due to their different masses
---HETEROSPHERE---
Energy def & 5 energy
= the ability to do work on some form of matter
- Nuclear energy
- Chemical potential energy
- Kinetic energy - energy of motion
- Potential energy - energy of position
- Radiant energy
Which is the most important for the atmosphere?
radiant energy fuels our atmosphere!!!
Law of Conservation of Energy
(1st law of thermodynamics)
- the sum of all energy in the universe is constant
Internal Energy
= total energy (PE + KE) of all the molecules in a substance
Heat
= energy in the process of being transferred from one object to another because of the temperature difference between them
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
hot ---> cold
How is energy transferred in objects?
Heat Capacity: amount of heat absorbed
-------------------------------------------
change in temperature resulting from absorption
latent heat
= heat energy required to change a substance from one phase to another
Different phase changes have different latent heats
1) latent heat of melting/latent heat of fusion
2) latent heat of evaporation/latent heat of condensation
3) latent heat of sublimation/latent heat of deposition
Heating/Cooling
H- higher to lower
C- lower to higher energy
How is heat transferred in the atmosphere?
1) Conduction
2) Connection
3) Advection
Conduction def & example
= the transfer of heat molecule by molecule
EX: heating water in pan
Really good and Really bad heat conductivity
BAD: still air
GOOD: silver
Convection
= the transfer of heat of the mass molecules of a fluid
EX: weird air things cool air around, hot moving up by becoming less dense & rises
- Thunderstorm
Advection & Ex
= transfer of properties by the horizontal movement of air
EX: Moisture/Smoke
Cold air advection/ Warm air advection
C- transfer of lower air temperature by the horizontal movement of air
W- transfer of higher air temperature by the horizontal movement of air
About this deck
By: Brianna Hesselberg
Textbook: (WCS) Introduction to Weather and Climate
Created: 2012-02-14
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 18
Textbook: (WCS) Introduction to Weather and Climate
Created: 2012-02-14
Size: 53 flashcards
Views: 18
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy