Exam One: Lecture 2
Botany 130 with Emshwiller at University of Wisconsin - Madison
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Define: Element
Cannot be broken down into something simpler.
Define: Atom
Smallest unit of matter that still has the properties of the element
Where are the protons located?
In the nucleus
Where are the electrons located?
In a cloud around the nucleus
Where are the neutrons located?
In the nucleus
What are the elements of life?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
What are the molecules of life?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids
Define: Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
What is the formula for carbohydrates?
(CH2O)n
How are monosaccharides used?
As cellular fuel
How are disaccharides used?
As a transport sugar
How are polysaccharides used?
Storage and structure
How are monosaccharides put together?
Dehydration Synthesis
How are monosaccharides broken apart?
Hydrolysis
What is dehydration synthesis?
When a water molecule is formed by the removal of an "OH" group and "H" group. The two monomers join where those are removed.
What is amylose? (What monomers make it up?)
It is a linear chain of repeated alpha-glucose molecules.
What are proteins? (what are the monomers?)
polymers of amino acids
What is "primary structure"?
Chain of amino acids strung together, aka a polypeptide. This is not a protein.
What is "secondary structure"?
The interaction of the backbone of the polypeptide.
Two main shapes:
a) Alpha Helix
b) Beta Pleated Sheet
or BOTH
Two main shapes:
a) Alpha Helix
b) Beta Pleated Sheet
or BOTH
Is something a protein when it has "secondary structure"?
Only some. Usually the more fibrous proteins such as silk.
What is "tertiary structure"?
The interaction between two R groups.
Is something a protein when it has "tertiary structure"?
Some, the more globular proteins such as membranes as enzymes.
What is "quaternary structure"?
Two or more polypeptide chains together, making a functional protein.
What does "deoxyribose" mean?
Ribose with no oxygen.
What is ATP?
The energy currency of a cell.
What do nucleic acids do?
Determine proteins
Are lipids macromolecules?
No
Are lipids polymers?
No
What are cutin and suberin, and what role do they play?
They are lipids that are involved in water exclusion.
Is water polar or non-polar?
Polar
Are amino acids polar or non-polar?
Some are polar, and others are non-polar.
To what category of secondary metabolites does "Caffine" belong?
Alkaloids
To what category of secondary metabolites does "Morphine" belong?
Alkaloids
To what category of secondary metabolites does "Taxol" belong?
Terpenoids
To what category of secondary metabolites do "essential oils" belong?
Terpenoids
To what category of secondary metabolites do "flavenoids" belong?
Phenolics
To what category of secondary metabolites does "salicylic acid" belong?
Phenolics
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