exam one

Psychology 210 with Logan at Liberty University

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By: rebecca burke
Created: 2010-09-27
Size: 74 flashcards
Views: 43

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Science of Human Development

seeks to understand how & why people change (physical) and remain the same (personality) over time.

3 Elements to understand human development

1) science. 2) diversity. 3) change/same over time

5 characteristics of development

(1) multidirectional (2) multi contextual (3) multicultural (4) multidisciplinary (5) plasticity

define: multidirectional

not simple, influenced by multiple variables

define: multicontextual

historical (cohort) or socioeconomic; human lives are imbedded in many contexts, including historical conditions, economical constraints, and family patterns

define: multidisciplinary

biosocial (genetic structure); cognitive; psycho social (mirror neurons); numerous fields contribute data and insight

define: plasticity

denotes that human traits can be molded, yet people maintain a certain durability of identity; every individual and every trait can be altered within the life span - change is ongoing

developmental theory

is a systematic statement of principles and generalizations that provides a coherent framework for understanding how/ why people change as they grow older

researching development key elements (7)

replication; scientific observation; independent variable; dependent variable; experimental group; control group (comparison group); surveys

dynamic-systems theory

view of human development as always changing; "systems" - change in one area will affect all other aspects of development

ecological-systems approach

by urie bronfenbrenner; a vision of how human development should be studied with the person considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life [contexts: relationship between the individual and environment]

levels that affect people (five)

microsystems; exosystems; macrosystems; chronosystem; mesosystem

levels that affect people - microsystems

immediate surroundings - family & peer group

levels that affect people - exosystems

local institutions - school & church

levels that affect people - macrosystems

cultural values, economic policies, political processes

levels that affect people - chronosystem

historical conditions

levels that affect people - mesosystem

connections between systems or between parts of a system

development is divided into three domains:

biosocial; cognitive; psychosocial

what must occur for a hypothesis to be considered?

replication

define: methodology

specific strategies/methods to gather and analyze data and to test hypothesis

define: validity

does it measure what it purports to measure

define: reliability

repeating measurements produce same results?

define: generalizability

conclusions apply beyond this study?

define: usefulness

solve real life problems?

studying changes over time

cross-sectional (days + analysis... differ in age, similar characteristics); longitudinal (16 years + analysis... same individuals as they age); cross-sequential (16 years + double/triple analysis)

Psychoanalytic Theory (definition & who)

Freud: inner drives & motives and unconscious: these are the basic underlying forces that are thought to influence every aspect of thinking and behavior.

Psychoanalytic Theory: oral stage

birth - 1 year: mouth

Psychoanalytic Theory: anal stage

1-3 years: anus

Psychoanalytic Theory: phallic stage

3-6 years: penis (in competition with parent of the opposite sex)

Psychoanalytic Theory: latency stage

6-11 years: not sexual

Psychoanalytic Theory: genital stage

adolescence through adulthood

psychosocial theory (definition & who)

Erikson: 8 stages. problems in adult life echo those from childhood. emphasize family and culture

psychosocial theory: trust v. mistrust

birth - 1 year (trust those who provide for needs)

psychosocial theory: autonomy v. shame & doubt

1-3 years (branching out, do on their own)

psychosocial theory: initiative v gult

3-6 years (children want to do adultlike activities or fear limits set by parents)

psychosocial theory: industry v inferiority

6-11 years (children either learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do anything well)

psychosocial theory: identity v role confusion

adolescence. there is now prolonged adolescence. ("who am i?" establish identities or are confused about what to do.)

psychosocial theory: intimacy v isolation

young adulthood (young adults either seek companionship or become isolated bc of fear of isolation ... healthy development thru previous stages determines how ready you are for this stage)

psychosocial theory: generativity v stagnation

middle adulthood - midlife crisis (middle aged adults either contribute to the next generation or go thru a midlife crisis.)

psychosocial theory: integrity v despair

older adults try to make sense of their lives, either seeing life as meaningful whole or despairing at goals never reached.

behaviorism: john watson

believed that if given a newborn & correct environment, he could make anyone anything he wanted if focused on behavior

behaviorism: ivan pavlov

used classical conditioning for his dogs. neutral stimulus joined with meaningful stimulus (un/conditioned stimulus/response)behaviorism:

behaviorism: bf skinner

used operant conditioning (+/- reinforcers; punishments; operating in one's environment) depends on how the "stimulus" is presented to the subject.

social learning theory

albert bandura: humans can learn from observing others

cognitive theory

jean piaget (children are "little scientists")

cognitive theory - sensorimotor

birth - 2 years (senses)

cognitive theory - preoperational

2-7 years (symbolic/egocentric) meaning as it relates to the child

cognitive theory - concrete operational

7-11 years (logical)

cognitive theory - formal operational

11 years + (abstract/hypothetical)

the steps involved in a new belief

(1) new idea (2) disequilibrium (3) adaption (4) assimilation/accommodation (5) new equilibrium

sociocultural theory

lev vygotsky: you learn things from different cultures.

socially mediated process - how culture is transmitted to the next generation
apprentice - guided participation
zone of proximal development (move at the right speed!)

epigenetic theory

genes interact with the environment to allow development

biology
genetics
chemistry
psychology

define: preformism

genes determine every aspect of development

define: genes

a section of a chromosome & the basic unit for the transmission of heredity

define: chromosomes

one of the 46molecules (23 pairs) of DNA that each cell of the human body contains and that together contain all the genes

define: genome

(99.9% the same) (25k genes the 46 chromosomes) the full set of genes that are the instructions to an individual member of a certain species

define: genotype

blood type, intellect

define: phenotype

physical characteristics - eye color

define: gamete

reproductive cell; that is, sperm/ovum that can produce a new individual if it combines with a gamete from the other sex to make a zygote

define: zygote

the single cell formed from the fusing of two gametes, a sperm and ovum

which pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the baby?

23rd. xx - girl. xy - boy.

monozygotic twins

twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development

dizygotic twins

formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time.

4 generalities that developmentalists accept

genes affect all aspect of human behavior, (social & cognitive!)
most environmental influences on children raised in the same home are not shared
a childs development = partly result of genes
if environment = compatible to w/ gene & genetic influences ^

addiction

potential addicts have a genetic pull; psychological impacts the development of addiction (personality, coping mechanism) culture impacts development.

define: polygenic

most traits are affected by many genes

define: multifactorial

influenced by many factors

define: human genome project

international effort to map the human genome (ex: eyes in flies mice & people originate from pax 6 gene)

define: additive genes

effects to add up to influence the phenotype

visual facts

newborns cant focus more than 2 ft away
children see better each year til 8
many adolescents become nearsighted when eyeball shape changes
vision is more likely to improve than worsen til age 40
10%of people over 90=blind

nearsightedness genes

myopia
cause-illness, trauma, poor nutrition, vit. a deficiency
symptom in 150+ genetic syndromes

syndromes.

down s- trisonomy-21 (3 copies of 21^st chromosome)
klinefelter s- xxy gene
turner s- xo gene
fragile x s- 1/3 females=some mental deficiency; 33%males=somewhat retarded; 47%males severely retarded. many have autistic symptoms.

phenylketonuri (pku)

newborns with this will become mentally retarded if they consume phenylanine (found in many foods)
if a baby is immediately started on a diet with none of that particular amino acid they will be normal

define: mosaic

having a condition that involves having a mixture of cells, some with an odd # of chromosomes or a series of missing genes

About this deck

By: rebecca burke
Created: 2010-09-27
Size: 74 flashcards
Views: 43

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj