Exam Review 4
Plant And Soil Science 1213 with Lancaster at Oklahoma State University - Stillwater
About this deck
By: jinna lowe
Created: 2011-04-14
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 13
Created: 2011-04-14
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 13
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plant growth
permanent increase in cell number or size
vacuole
key to cell expansion
vacuole
up to 90% of plant cell volume; storage of waters, sugars, enzymes, plant defense compounds, waste products, and more
turgor pressure
outward pressure in the cell; created as water takes in solutes and water
mitosis
(cell division); occurs in the meristem
meristem
areas in plant where cells are dividing and enlarging rapidly- resulting in plant growth
shoot apical
intercalary
axillary
lateral
root apical
types of meristem
biomass
organic matter produced in a geven location at a given time
yield
output per are during growing season
biological yield
total amount of dry matter present at harvest; includes all plant parts
economic yield
amount of usable plant matter
harvest index
proportion of the crop that is useable; economic / biological
plant development
process of changing that occurs as the plant matures and responds to its environment
light
temperature
energy
factors that regulate development
photoperiodism
specific amounts of light exposure to flower
day-neutral
plants flower under any light conditions
long day
plants flower when exposed to short nights
short day
plants floer when exposed to long nights
vernalization
process of inducing flowering by meeting a requirement of exposure to cold temperatures for a given amount of time
energy accumulation
must accumulate a certain amount of energy (heat) before the plant ca can move from one stage to another; not at certain rate per year
growing degreee day
measure of heat accumulation used to predict the rate of development of plants and insects
[(Tmax + Tmin) / 2] --Tbase
general formula for GDD
Germination
Emergence
Vegetative growth
Reproductive growth
Senescance
five stages of plant development
germination
development and emergence from the seed of those structures necessary to produce a "normal" plant; begins with taking in water
germination requirements
-mature seed
-water: reactivate enzymes
-air: to breathe
-correct temperature
-correct light
emergence of radicle form seed coat
when germination ends
dormancy
condition in some seeds that prevents germination even when all requirements are met
emergence
process of shoot arising out of soil; epigeal or hypogeal
vegetative growth
phase of growth during which the shoot tissue of a plant increases in volume (leaves and shoots are growing)
reproductive growth
the growth phase during which flowers are formed and seed is produced
determinate
plants stop vegetative growth once reproductive begins
indeterminate
plants continue vegetative growth while reproductive growth occurs
pollination
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
fertilization
pollen meeting the ovule
senescence
regulated by horomones and/or environmental factors; involves recovering the nutrients stored in old tissues
physiological maturity
plant stops depositing energy in seeds; reaches maximum dry weight
harvest maturity
moisture content of seeds is appropriate for processing and storage
active transport
is required to move nutrients into the vascular system; allows selective uptake
casparian strip
waxy layer in root that forces absorbed soil solution to travel through the cells, rather than between the cells
root interception
"run into" mineral nutrients in the soil; root hairs; enhanced by mycrorrhizae
micorrhizae
associatino between a fungus and the roots of a plant; improves nutrient and water uptake
diffusion
uptake of nutrients by the plant creates a concentration gradient
mass flow
nutrients move with the soil solutions
C- carbon
H- hydrogen
O- oxygen
non-mineral nutrients (3)
N- nitrogen
P- phosphorus
K- potassium
S- sulfur
C- calcium
Mg- magnesium
macronutrients (6); account for about 3.5% of a plants dry weight
Fe- iron
Zn- zinc
Mn- manganese
Cu- copper
B- boron
Cl- chlorine
Mo- molybdenum
micronutrients (7); required in small concentrations (0.o3% plant's dry weight); NOT less important than the macro-nutrients
nitrogen
most often limits yields; associated with vegetative growth
synthetic fertilizer
symbiotic nitrogen fixation
organic material
sources of nitrogen
phosphorus
energy storage and transfer in the plant; seed formation
synthetic & organic fertilizers
minerals
sources of phosphorus
potassium
-defficiency causes yellow leaves
-energy activation (cellular signaling)
-water relations (turgor pressure)
-energy production (ATP)
organic fertilizer
minerals
sources of potassium
sufficient
defficient
toxis
plant nutrient statuses
nutrient sufficiency
nutrient concentration is adequate yo support plant growth; additions of the nutrient will not increase yield
nutrient defficiency
occurs when the concentration of an element is so low that crop yields are reduced; symptoms of the deficiency may or may not be visible
nutrient toxicity
occurs when the concentration of an element is too high, causing crop yield reduction; may result in nutrient imbalance
soil testing
a proactive strategy is to analyze the nutrient content of the soil before planting
field averaging
management zone
site specific
types of soil sampling
pH
nutrient content & recomendation
information commonly found on a soil test report
sensor-based management
create an N-rich strip at planting ; use sensor or visual observation to determine top-dress rate in spring
nutrient cycles
characterized by inputs, transformations, & losses
symbiotic nitrogen fixation
some microorganisms are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen that can be used by plants;
greatest source in the nitrogen cycle!
Haber-Bosch process
hydrogen + nitrogen heat & pressure ammonia (natural gas); makes fertilizer
eutrophication
-process in which excess nutrients enter a body of water
-excess growth causes algal and hypoxia
-usually associated with runoff of fertilizers
nitrogen transformations
mineralization and immobilization
released or stored (mineralized or immobilized)
determined by rate of C to N in the organic material
acidic soils
may be caused by long-term application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizers
soil pH
measure of the concentration of H+in the soil solution
-affects which crops can be grown
regulates nutrient availability and microbial activity
pest management strategies
legal
cultural
biological
mechanical
chemical
legal control
-federal and state laws
-animal and plant health inspection service
-prevention, eradication, quarantine
cultural control
managing the growing environment using cultural practices:
-sanitization
-host eradication
-plant health
-crop rotation
-row spacing
-drainage
biological control
introduction of animal/insect/microbial species that is a natural enemy of the pest
mechanical control
using physical methods to control pests
chemical control
using pesticidess to kill or prevent pest infestation
pesticide classifications
-target pests
-chemical structure
-mode of action
-formulation
-method of application
weed
a plant growing where it is not wanted
$40 billion
damage weeds cost farmers per year
competition
reduce quality
harbor insects/disease
decrease irrigation efficiency
interfere with harvest
how weeds affect crops
closely; difficult
the more _______ related the weed and crop the more ________ to control
mechanical
biological
chemical
cultural
types of weed management
disease
loss of ability to properly function as a result of prolonged irritation by a pathogen
susceptible host
favorable environment
virulent pathogen
parts of the disease triangle
fungi
cause most economically important diseases
cultural
chemical
biological
types of disease management AND also pest management
piercing & sucking
chewing
vector diseases
ways insects damage crops
integrated pest management
series of pest managment involving and decisions that consider the agroecosystem as a whole
prevention
manage the crop in asuch a way that the pest does not become a threat
thresholds
population level at which action muct be taken to control the pests
crop scouting
take samples to provide an accurate estimate of pest densities and crop health
control
management practices are chosen based on effectiveness and risk
About this deck
By: jinna lowe
Created: 2011-04-14
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 13
Created: 2011-04-14
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 13
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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