Exam Two terms
Biological Sciences 4010 with Polson at Florida Institute of Technology
About this deck
By: Philip Gwinnell
Created: 2010-10-21
Size: 108 flashcards
Views: 133
Created: 2010-10-21
Size: 108 flashcards
Views: 133
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lipids
insoluble in water or any other polar solvent. diverse chemical functions ex. fatty acids (energy storage); biological membranes (phospholipids)
Fatty acids
storage lipid; carboxyl group and long highly reduced carbon chain
4->36 carbons generally even number of carbons
4->36 carbons generally even number of carbons
Amphipathic
carboxyl group hydrophobic and carbon chain hydrophilic
saturated fatty acid
contain no C=C; longer chain no C=C means low solubility in H2O and solid at room temp
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
contain 1 C=C; most common configuration is the cis; less solid at room temp
polyunsaturated fatty acids
contains two or more C=C; most common configuration cis; liquid a room temp
Palmitic acid
Steric Acid
Palmitoleic acid
Oleic acid
Arachidonic acid
20:4(Δ5,8,11,14)
trans fatty acids
H on the same side of the C=C double bond, raise LDL and lowers HDL in humans= bad cholesterol
Linoleic Acid
18:2 (Δ9,12) both in cis format
Triacylglycerols (triglycerides) alcohol + acid=ester; any 3 fatty acids could be attached; chains 12→22 carbons
adipose tissue
formed by adipocytes, where triglycerides are stored; fat
phospholipids
structural lipids, cell membrane; amphipathic; group 1 is saturated fatty acid, group 2 is unsat FA and group 3 is phospholipid with highly polar or charged group
phosphatidic acids
phospholipid with any X group for recognition on cell membrane
Sphingolipids
composed of sphingosine, long chain fatty acid, and, —X group (which is the point of variability) recognition site for neuron
glycosphingolipid
sphingolipid with 1 or more sugars attached; ex: glucosylcerebroside
Globoside
sphingolipid with 2,3 or 4 di, tri or tetrasaccarides
ganglioside
sphingolipid with complex oligosaccharide attached
cholesterols
major sterols in animal tissue ring structure virtually planar and rigid
eicosanoids
derivatives of Archidonic Acid (20:4 Δ5,8,11,14)
prostaglandins
eicosanoid which stimulate smooth muscle contactions in uterus, affect blood flow to certain organs, sleep wake cycle, response to hormones, elevate blood temp, inflation and pain
thromboxanes
Eicosanoid which produced by blood platelets to clot
Leukotriene
Eicosanoids which are powerful biosignals found in Leukosites (blood) for enducing muscle contractions in airway of lungs. too much= asthmatic attack
steroid hormones
variation on cholesterol ie. testosterone and estradiol
Vitamin A
retinol; visual pigment in vertebrates, retanoic acid (hormone derivative) regulates gene expresion in epithelial tissue, visual
Vitamin D
formed in skin by UV driven photochemical reaction, converted to hormone in liver an kidney, regulating calcium ion uptake in intestine
Vitamin E
tocopherols; hydrophobic associated with cell membrane, lipid deposit, lipoprotein in blood, antioxidant-aromatic ring reacts and destroy oxygen radial=prevent oxygen damage to membrane
Vitamin K
aromatic ring redox during formation of active prothrombin-essential for blood clotting
Quinones
coenzyme-Q (Co-Q), plastic quinone
Nucleic acid
composed of monomeric building block which function as energy and information currency in cell
Nucleotide (def and function)
used by cell as energy currency, do work and everything in metabolism, external stimuli and cell response (illicited by different nucleotides). three parts: Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group or nucleoside+phosphate group
purine
nitrogenous bases: adenine and guanine
purimidine
nitrogenous base: uracil, thymine, and cytosine
Pentose sugar
Β–D–ribofuranose (ribose) and 2–Deoxy–Β–D–ribofuranose
Nucleoside
nitrogenous base and pentose sugar joined by Β–N–glycosidic bonds.
Β–N–glycosidic bonds
Involving carbon 1 of either pentose and nitrogen 9 of the purine base or nitrogen 1 of pyrimidine base
phosphodiester bond
2 ester linkages: phosphate group added to pentose sugar at any location of hyroxyl group (5',3' and 2') Most commonly 5' usually only monophosphated
phosphoanhydride bond
bonds between phosphate group ins
adenosine-nucleoside of adenine and Β–D–ribofuranose (ribose)
guanosine- nucleoside of guanine and ribose
cytidine-nucleside of cytosine and ribsose
deoxythyidine-nucleoside of thymine with 2-Deoxy-Β-D-ribofuranose (deoxyriboose)
uridine- nucleoside of uracil and ribose
adenosine–5'–triphosphate
non-principal base found in DNA and RNA
adenylate or deoxy-adenylate
nucleotide adenosine with phosphate group usually ar 5' carbon of sugar
oligonucleotide
<50 groups of nitrogenous bases bound to a pentose sugar by phosphodiester bond and phosphoanhydride bonds to phosphate groups
polynucleotide
>50 groups of nitrogenous bases bound to a pentose sugar by phosphodiester bond and phosphoanhydride bonds to phosphate groups
hyperchromicity
stands of DNA molecule separate and denaturing of DNA molecules to have a higher absorbance (like RNA)
phosphoanhydride bond
cleavage porvides energy that drives chemical reactions in cell provides about 30 kJ/mol.
coenzyme A (coA)
adensine acts a binging site. molecule as important part is cytosine.
Metabolism
chemical transformation that occurs in living systems not random process but an organized series of enzyme catalyzed reactions, pathways grouped together
chemical pathway
each series of chemical reactions that makes up metaboilism.
(Precursor→metabolic intermediate→end product)
(Precursor→metabolic intermediate→end product)
Catabolism
pathways that degradate in nature large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules which releases energy. -energy stored in form of ATP, NADH+H+, FADH2
anabolism
simple precursor molecules bond to form larger macromolecules utilizing energy from catabolism
Linear pathways
precursors lead to product directly; A→B→C→E
Branching pathway
several precursors with one end product or one precursor with many end points
Circular pathway
products come off at various points during the reactions
Types of reactions in cell
oxidation reduction reaction, Rxns making or breaking C–C, Internal Molecular Rearrangement (isomerzation elimination), groups tranfer, Free Radical Rxns
homolytic cleavage
each atom leaves with 1 electron –C:H→C• + ·H (radicals)
C-Radical
unshared or unpaired electron in outer most orbital
Heterolyitic Cleavage
(more common) one atom leaves with both of the electrons. extremely unstable
carbanion
product of heterolytic cleavage. –C:¯
carbo cation
product of heterolytic cleavage. –C+
Nucleophilies
functional groups rich in electrons; gives up electrons
Electrophilies
functional groups deficient in electron; receives electrons
biological oxidation
lost of 2e¯ and 2H+ also known as dehydrogenation reaction. catalysed by the enzyme dehydrogenases (DH). always accompanied by a reduction
Heterolytic cleavage
reaction which make or break C–C. results in three types of reaction: aldol condensation(addition of water across) , Claisen condensation, Decarboxylation (removal of carboxl group from a molecule)
rearrangment
redistribution of electrons with in a molecule i.e. Isomerization G-6-P↔F-6-P. cis ↔ trans; aldehyde purane to ketone furane
Group transfer
movement of Acyl, Glycosyl, phosphoryl form molecule to molecule activating molecule; Phosphoryl transfer most common ex. ATP activates molecules to continue alone it metabolic pathway
kinase
class of enzyme which catalyzes phosphate transfer reaction
Free Radical reaction
rarely occur in metabolism carbon radicals occur when UV damage to DNA damage to cells.
1st law of thermodynamics
for every physcal or chemical change the total energy of the universe remains constant
2nd law of thermodynamics
in all natural processes entropy of the univers increases
Gibb's Free Energy (G)
amount of engermmt capable of doing work in a reaction at constant temp and presure
exergonic
release free energy -ΔG, reaction will occur spontaneously as written. Products contain less free energy than reactants. K'eq>1
endergonic
require free energy +ΔG, reaction will occur spontaneously in the opposte direction as written. reactants contain less free energy than products.
Enthalpy (H)
heat content of a reaction of a reacting system number and kinds of chemical binds in the reactants and the products
exothermic
give off hear or loses heat -ΔH
endothermic
requires heat +ΔH
Enthalpy (S)
quantitative expression of the randomness or disorder in a system
Gain in entropy
product less complex than reactants -ΔS
Loss in entropy
product more complex than reactants -ΔS
Gibb's equation under biological conditions
ΔG=ΔH-TΔS (change in free energy =change in enthalpy-temperature in degrees kelvin x change in entropy)
biological standard conditions
pH=7.0, standard state of ionized substance is defined in terms of the total concentration oof the solution. water is the standard solvent
ΔG°'
standard free energy. ΔGº'=ΔH-TΔS
K'eq
standard equilibrium. K'eq=[products]/[reactant]
Change in biochemical free energy for biochemical reactions
ΔG°'=-RTlnK'eq
isogonic
ΔG°'=0
ATP and its role in the cell
energy currency of the cell. drive forward endergonic reactions. energy is released from Pi anhydrde bonds transfered onto glucose
Glycoloysis- prepatory phase
priming pump get glucose charged; rase free energy of glucose spend 2 energy (ATP) glucose is split to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Payoff phase
Glyceradehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate. get back 4 ATP and additionally gain a reduced electron carrier NADH+H+
glucose
polyhydroxy aldehyde
Pyridine nucleotides
NAD+/NADP (nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) which are derived from niacine. They are the energy carriers in the cell. Water soluble cofactors that move enzyme to enzyme. reduced by dehydrogenase
Flavin Nucleotides
FAD/FMN derived from riboflavin. Function as prostectic groups very tightly bound to specific enzymes i.e. Flavo proteins. Enzyme preforms oxidation temp. hold e- for transfer to another molecule. provide inorganic ion Fe that help transfer e-
prostectic group
covalently bounded section of a larger enzyme
NAD+ (nicotinamide Adenine dinucleotide) Nicatinamide ring accepts H+ to form NADH + H+
dehydrogenase
a oxidoreductase class enzyme that catalyzes AH2 + NAD-→A NADH + H+
direct electron transfer
directly as electrons involves redox pairs(in cytochrome) Fe+2 + Cu+2 ↔ Fe+2 + Cu+1
Hydrogen atoms (electron transfer)
-AH2 ↔ A + 2e- + 2H+
Hydride ion (:H-) (electron transfer)
special group of enzymes NAD linked DH
Oxygen donation (electron transfer)
-R–CH3 + ½O2 → R–C–OH
Nerst Equation
allows you to know when a electron donor and acceptor can transfer electrons spontaneously E= E° + RT/nF x ln(e- accepted/e- donated) E is reduction potential, n is number of electrons, F is faraday's constant (F=96480 J/V·mol)
nerst Equation (simplified)
E= E° + .026V/n x ln(e- accepted/e- donated)
Standard Reaction Potential
ΔE°=E°[accepted]-E°[donated]
About this deck
By: Philip Gwinnell
Created: 2010-10-21
Size: 108 flashcards
Views: 133
Created: 2010-10-21
Size: 108 flashcards
Views: 133
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
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“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
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