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Biology 200 with Wiggins at University of Washington - Seattle Campus

About this deck

By: Kaitlin Mad
Textbook:

Biological Science with MasteringBiology (3rd Edition) (MasteringBiology Series)
Created: 2011-01-31
Size: 38 flashcards
Views: 86

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upon contact with water, phospholipids form

1. Micelles

2. phospholipid bilayers (lipid bilayers)

micelles

heads face the water and tails face each other

phospholipid bilayers (lipid bilayers)

form when two sheets of phospholipid molecules align

hydrophilic heads

"water loving" part of the phospholipid, this layer face the surrounding solution

hydrophobic tails

"water fearing" part of the phospholipid, this layer face one another inside the bilayer

fluidity is impacted by

-# of double bonds in the hydrocarbon (HC)

-tail length

-number of cholesterol molecules

-temperature

saturated fat

HC without double bonds

unsaturated fat

HC with double bonds

[more unsaturated fat, the greater the permeability]

tail length

longer tails produce stiffer, less permeable membranes

[wax has long tails, oil has short tails]

# of cholesterol molecules

bulky rings increase hydrocarbon density and reduce permeability

diffusion

movement of ions and molecules due to their kinetic energy

osmosis

special case of diffusion with H2O

facilitated diffusion

Movement of a substance across a plasma membrane down its concentration gradient with the assistance of transmembrane carrier proteins or channel proteins.

electrochemical gradient

combination of an electrical and chemical gradient that guides diffusion of ions across the membrane

amphipathic carrier proteins

fat and water loving proteins

-can guide ions through the lipid bilayers

active transport pumps

moves ions across the membrane via ATP

chloride channel protein

facilitates diffusion of Cl- (chloride ions) along an electrochemical gradient

[CFTR for example]

gramicidin

-an antibiotic from soil bacteria

-can kill other bacteria but also causes hemolysis in people (rupture of RBC)

-H+ and K+ ion channel

Valinomycin

an ion-specific, ion carrier for K+

ionophores

microorganism-derived molecules that transport ions across membranes

active transport

-moves molecules against their concentration gradient

-1+ membrane protein required

-requires expenditure of energy (ATP hydrolysis)

hormones

1. lipid-soluble hormones

2. lipid-insoluble hormones

lipid-soluble hormones

usually diffuse across the plasma membrane into their target cells' cytoplasm

lipid-insoluble hormones

large or hydrophilic and do not cross the plasma membrane but instead bind to a receptor on the cell's plasma membrane

cell-cell signaling

1. signal reception

2. signal transduction

3. signal response

4. signal deactivation

signal reception

-when a cell-cell signal binds to a signal receptor

-proteins that change their shape or activity after binding to a signaling molecule

signal transduction

-signal binds at the cell surface and triggers a complex signal transduction pathway which converts the extracellular hormone signal to an intracellular signal

G proteins

link the receptor of an extracellular signal to the production of an intracellular signal

G-protein steps

1. hormone binds to membrane and activates G protein

2. GDP is exchanged for GTP and splits into two parts

3. one part activates a membrane enzyme which catalyzes the production of second messengers that amplifies the signal

enzyme-linked receptors

transmembrane proteins that bind a hormone signal and directly catalyze a reaction inside the cell

signal response

the ultimate response to a cell-cell signal varies for each signal but fall into two general categories

1. change in which genes are being expressed in the target cell

2. activate or deactivate a particular target protein that already exists in the cell

signal deactivation

mechanisms allow the cell to remain sensitive to small changes in the concentration of hormones or # and activity of signal receptors

cross-talk

interactions between signaling pathways

metabolism

the sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur within a cell and is comprised of two components

1. catabolism

2. anabolism

catabolism

chemical reactions that are degradative in function and regarded as carbon consuming and energy generatin

anabolism

chemical reactions that are building in function--carbon generating and requires expenditure of energy

ATP

-adenosine triphosphate

-POTENTIAL ENERGY of a compound is a function of how the electrons are configured

-electrons in ATP have high potential energy because the four negative charges in its three phosphate groups repel each other

phosphorylating

transferring a phosphate group

About this deck

By: Kaitlin Mad
Textbook:

Biological Science with MasteringBiology (3rd Edition) (MasteringBiology Series)
Created: 2011-01-31
Size: 38 flashcards
Views: 86

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis