Exam3
Psychology 210 with Mcintyre at University of Tennessee - Knoxville
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steroid hormones:
hormone that contains 4 carbon rings
what ways do steroids exert their effects? (3 ways)
- bind to membrane receptors exerting rapid effects
- enter cells and activate certain kinds of proteins into the cytoplasm
- bind to receptors that bind to chromosomes, where they activate or inactivate specific genes
androgens:
class of steroid hormone that a group that includes testosterone, as male hormones because men have higher levels
estrogens:
class of steroid hormone that are more abundent in females then males
estradiol
one type of estrogen
progesterone:
predominately female hormone. prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and promotes the maintenance of pregnancy
organizing effect:
long-lasting effect of a hormone that is present during a sensitivie period early in developmentf
activating effects:
temporary effect of a hormone on behavior or anatomy, occurring only while the hormone is present
SRY gene:
sex-determining region on the Y chromosome. on males Y chromosome. causes the primitive gonads to develop into testes
testes:
sperm producing organs. developing testes produce testosterone
testosterone:
is an androgen. increases the growht of the testes causing them to produce more testosterone and so forth. positive feedback
Wolffian Ducts:
early precursors to male reproductive structures to develop into seminal vesicles (sac like structure storing semen) and the vas deferens (duct from testes into penis)
Mullerian ducts:
precursors to the females' oviducts, uterus, and upper vagina
sensitive period:
early period when hormones have long-lasting effects
when is the human sensitivity period?
the human sensitivity period for the genital formation is usually the 3rd and 4th month of pregnancy
sexually dimorphic nucleus:
larger in the male than female and contributes to control of male sexual behavior
alpha-fetoprotein:
protein in immature mammals during early sensitive period
impotence:
ability to have an erection
menstral cycle:
periodic variation in hormones and fertility over the course of about 28 days
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
promotes the growth of a follicle in the ovary
what does the follicle produce and nurture?
the follicle nurtures the ovum (egg) and produces several types of estrogen, including estradiol
luteinizing hormone (LH)
from the anterior pituitary. FSH and LH combine to cause release in egg
periovulatory period:
consisting the days around the middle of teh menstral cycle. time for maximum fertility and high estrogen levels
oxytocin:
pituitary hormone also important for reproductive behavior. stimulates contractions of uterus during delivery
what happens early in sexual development?
- immature gonad
- precursor of male itnernal sex organs (wolffian)
- precursor of female sex organs (mullian)
what do testes secrete?
- androgens that stimulate the wolffian system to develop into male sex organs
- antimullerian hormone that causes degeneration of female system
describe female sexual development:
- mullierian system develops into female internal sex organs
- no androgens so wolffian system is not developed
if a genetically female fetus is exposed to large amounts of testosterone can it grow testes?
yes, because it would be during a sensitive period
androgen insensitivity syndrome:
- antimullerian hormone causes degeneration of female system (defeminizing effect)
- androgens do not work to differenciate male organs because people lack androgen receptors
- no develop of internal sex organs
- XY chromosome, but lack ability to produce receptors for SRY gene. develop into female
what are females secondary sexual charactersitics?
enlarged breasts, widened hips
what are males secondary characteristics?
facial hair,deepened voice
GnRH induces secretin from anterior pituitary of:
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- FSH and LH are secreted inmales and females
FSH stimulates ovarian follicles to grow. follicles secrete estradiol which:
- stimulates uterine lining growth
- triggers a pulse of LH from the anterior pituitary (feedback)
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