Examkrackers Lecture 7: The Lymphatic System
Microbiology 509 with Pradhan at Ohio State University - All Campuses
About this deck
By: Mounika Pedagandham
Textbook:
Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in card
Created: 2010-10-01
Size: 63 flashcards
Views: 24
Textbook:
Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in cardCreated: 2010-10-01
Size: 63 flashcards
Views: 24
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lymphatic system
collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to blood
takes proteins and large particles that cannot be taken up by capillaries
takes proteins and large particles that cannot be taken up by capillaries
lymph system reroutes
low soluble fat digestates around small capillaries of intestine and into large veins of neck.
most tissues are drained by lymphatic vessels.
most tissues are drained by lymphatic vessels.
Open system
fluid enters at one end and leaves at the other.
interstitial fluid flows between overlapping endothelial cells.
large particles push their way into lymph.
interstitial fluid flows between overlapping endothelial cells.
large particles push their way into lymph.
Factors that affect interstitial pressure
blood pressure
plasma osmotic pressure
interstitial osmotic pressure
permeability of capillaries
plasma osmotic pressure
interstitial osmotic pressure
permeability of capillaries
Lymph system empties into large veins
thoracic duct
right lympathic duct
right lympathic duct
right lymphatic duct
lymph from right arm and head enters the right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct
rest of body drains into thoracic duct
Blood
connective tissue. contains cells and matrix
blood separates into three parts
1. plasma
2. buffy coat (white blood cells)
3. red blood cells
2. buffy coat (white blood cells)
3. red blood cells
Percentage by volume of red blood cells
hematocrit
Important proteins in plasma
albumin
immunoglobin
clotting factors
immunoglobin
clotting factors
albumin
transport fatty acids and steriods
regulate osmotic pressure of blood
regulate osmotic pressure of blood
fibrinogen
clotting factor
proteins found in liver
albumin, fibrinogen,
Erythrocytes
bags of hemoglobin
no organelles
worn out blood cells burst as they squeeze through channels in spleen, or in liver.
no organelles
worn out blood cells burst as they squeeze through channels in spleen, or in liver.
Leukocytes
white blood cells
organelles
protect body from foreign invaders
organelles
protect body from foreign invaders
Stem cell
all blood cells differentiate from same type of precursor
- enter bloodstream as reticulocytes, lose rest of their organelles within 1 or 2 days.
granular leukocytes
neutrophils- neutral to dyes
eosinophils- acid dyes
basophils- basic dyes
live a very short time
function nonspecifically against all inefecive agents
die once infection is gone
eosinophils- acid dyes
basophils- basic dyes
live a very short time
function nonspecifically against all inefecive agents
die once infection is gone
agranular leukocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes
megakaryocytes
work against specific agents of infection
lymphocytes
megakaryocytes
work against specific agents of infection
platelets
small portions of membrane bound cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes
contain actin and myosin, residuals of the golgi and the ER, mitochondria, and are capable of making protoglandins and important enzymes.
contain actin and myosin, residuals of the golgi and the ER, mitochondria, and are capable of making protoglandins and important enzymes.
megakaryocytes
remain mainly in bone marrow
Platelet plug
platelets stick to endothelium and to each other forming a loose platelet plug.
coagulation
process involves many factors starting with platelets and including the plasma proteins prothrombin and fibrin
coagulation occurs in three steps
1. a dozen or so coagulation factors form a complex called protrombin activator.
2. protrombin activator catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin.
3. thrombin is enzyme that governs polymerization of plasma protein fibrinogen to fibrin threads that attach to the platelts form a tight plug.
2. protrombin activator catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin.
3. thrombin is enzyme that governs polymerization of plasma protein fibrinogen to fibrin threads that attach to the platelts form a tight plug.
leukocyte composition in blood
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosionophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosionophils
basophils
body protects itself from infectious microbes and toxins in two ways
innate immunity
acquired immunity
acquired immunity
innate immunity
involves generalized protection
1. skin as a barrier to organisms and toxins
2. stomach acid and digestive enzymes to destroy ingested organisms and toxins.
3. phagocytic cells
4. chemicals in blood
1. skin as a barrier to organisms and toxins
2. stomach acid and digestive enzymes to destroy ingested organisms and toxins.
3. phagocytic cells
4. chemicals in blood
acquired immunity
protection against specific organisms or toxins.
acquired develops after body is first attacked.
acquired develops after body is first attacked.
Inflammation
dilation of blood vessels
increase permeability of capillaries
swelling of tissue cells
increase permeability of capillaries
swelling of tissue cells
causative agents of inflammation that are released by tissues
histamine, prostaglandins, lymphokines
macrophages
attack infectious agents
neutrophils
stored in bone marrow till they are needed
move toward infected or injured drawn by chemotaxis, by chemicals released from damaged tissue or by the infectious agents themselves.
move toward infected or injured drawn by chemotaxis, by chemicals released from damaged tissue or by the infectious agents themselves.
Monocytes
circulate in blood, move into tissues by diapedesis
mature to become macrophages
mature to become macrophages
Pus
when neutrophils and macrophages engulf tissue and bacteria, they die. dead leukocytes along with tissue fluid
eosionophils
work mainly against parasitic infections.
basophils
release many of the chemicals of the inflammation reaction
Two types of acquired immunity
Humoral (B-cell immunity)
Cell Mediated (T-cell immunity)
Cell Mediated (T-cell immunity)
Humoral immunity
promoted by B lymphocytes
-differentiate and mature in bone marrow and the liver.
-differentiate and mature in bone marrow and the liver.
B lymphocyte makes a single antibody (immunoglobin) and displays
on its membrane.
antibody recognizes foreign particle
called antigen
antigenic determinant
portion of the antigen that binds to antibody
hapten
antigenic determinant that is removed from an antigen
can only stimulate an immune response if individual has been previously exposed to full antigen.
can only stimulate an immune response if individual has been previously exposed to full antigen.
When B lymphocyte is assisted by helper T cell it differentiates into
plasma cells
memory B cells
memory B cells
free bodies may attach their base
to mass cells
when antibody whose base is attached to mast cell, and binds to antigen, mast cell releases histamine and other chemicals.
when antibody whose base is attached to mast cell, and binds to antigen, mast cell releases histamine and other chemicals.
antibodies block the
chemically active part of antigenic substances.
primary response
the first time the immune system is exposed to an antigen. it requires 20 days to reach its full potential
secondary response
memory b cells proliferate and remain in body till reinfection occurs. they secondary response starts. it takes 5 days to reach its full potential.
Humoral immunity is effective against
bacteria, fungi, parasitic protozoans, viruses, and blood toxins
T-lymphocytes
involve cell mediated immunity.
Mature in thymus
have antibody like protein on surface that recognizes antigens
never make free antibodies
Mature in thymus
have antibody like protein on surface that recognizes antigens
never make free antibodies
if t-lymphocyte binds to self antigen
then T lymphocyte is destryoed
helper t cell
attacked by HIV.
suppressor t cell
play a negative feedback role in immune system.
killer t cell
bind to antigen-carrying cell and release perforin, a protein which puncture the antigen carrying cell.
can attack many cells because they do not phagocytize their victims.
are responsible for fighting some forms of cancer.
can attack many cells because they do not phagocytize their victims.
are responsible for fighting some forms of cancer.
Bacterial infection
1. inflammation
2. macrophages, neutrophils engulf bacteria
3. IF fluid rushes where lymphocytes wait in nodes
4. Macrophage process and present bacterial antigens to B lymphocytes.
5. With help of helper T cells, B lymphocytes differentiate into memory and plasma
6. memory cells are for second response
7. plasma cells produce antibodies that are released into blood to attack bacteria
2. macrophages, neutrophils engulf bacteria
3. IF fluid rushes where lymphocytes wait in nodes
4. Macrophage process and present bacterial antigens to B lymphocytes.
5. With help of helper T cells, B lymphocytes differentiate into memory and plasma
6. memory cells are for second response
7. plasma cells produce antibodies that are released into blood to attack bacteria
Single antibody is specific for
single antigen
Single B lymphocyte produces only
one antibody type
Type A blood
red cell membrane has A antigens and does not have B antigens.
If erythrocytes have A antigens, the immune system does not
make A antibodies
Type O blood
has neither A nor B antigens, so makes both A and B antibodies.
Blood donor should only donate blood to an individual
that does not make antibodies against the donor blood
O blood can donate
to anyone
AB blood may receive
from anyone
Rh factors
surface proteins on red blood cells first identified in Rhesus monkeys.
1st pregnancy, mother is rh negative, and has rh positive fetus.
upon exposure, mother develops an immune response against Rh positive blood.
2nd pregnancy, second that is rh positive may be attacked by antibodies of mother.
1st pregnancy, mother is rh negative, and has rh positive fetus.
upon exposure, mother develops an immune response against Rh positive blood.
2nd pregnancy, second that is rh positive may be attacked by antibodies of mother.
About this deck
By: Mounika Pedagandham
Textbook: Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in card
Created: 2010-10-01
Size: 63 flashcards
Views: 24
Textbook:
Microbiology: A Human Perspective w/ARIS bind in cardCreated: 2010-10-01
Size: 63 flashcards
Views: 24
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
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STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
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