Exploration and Discovery

World History with Durham at Chaminade College Preparatory High School

About this deck

By: Saeli Eshelman
Textbook:

Modern World History, Grades 9-12 Patterns of Interaction: Mcdougal Littell World History Patterns of Interaction
Created: 2010-11-20
Size: 102 flashcards
Views: 14

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Bartolomeu Dias

an early Portuguese explorer; primary motives for exploration were "God, glory, and gold;" hoped to obtain goods directly from Asia and Christianize their people; in 1488 he ventured far down the coast of Africa until he and his crew reached the tip

Bartolomeu Dias (example)

a huge storm appeared blew he and his ships around the tip of Africa where he explored the southeast coast of Africa and then considered sailing to India, but his crew was exhausted and food supplies were low, so they returned home

Prince Henry

Portugal's most enthusiastic supporter of exploration; prince while Portugal took the lead in overseas exploration (strong government support); his dreams of overseas exploration began in 1415; he helped conquer Ceuta, a Muslim city in North Africa

Prince Henry (example)

in Ceuta he saw the wealth that lay beyond Europe; they found exotic spices and supplies of gold, silver, and jewels; in 1419, he founded a navigation school on the southwestern coast of Portugal

Vasco da Gama

a Portuguese explorer who in 1497 began exploring the East African coast; in 1498, he reached the port of Calicut (on the south-western coast of India); he and his crew were amazed by the spices, rare silks, and precious gems that filled the shops

Vasco da Gama (example)

in Calicut, the Portuguese sailors filled their ships with spices and returned to Portugal in 1499; their cargo was work 60x the cost of the voyage which was a remarkable direct sea route to India spanning 27,000 miles

Treaty of Tordesillas

a 1494 agreement between Porgual and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and the newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal

Treaty of Tordesillas (example)

this agreement was suggested by Pope Alexander VI to keep peace between Spain and Portugal; the line was known as the Line of Demarcation; Portugal complained that the line gave too much to Spain so it was moved farther West

Dutch East India Company

a company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia; both the Dutch and English had formed these companies which had the power to mint money, make treaties, and even raise their own armies

Dutch East India Company (example)

the Dutch company was richer and more powerful than that of the English, and as a result, they eventually drove out the English company and established their dominance over the region

caravel

in the 1400s, shipbuilders designed this new vessel that was sturdier and had triangular sails (from Arabs) that allowed it to sail effectively against the wind

caravel (example)

the average vessel was 65 feet long and had triangular sails for maneuverability and square sails for power

sextant

replaced the astrolabe in the mid-1700s as the instrument for measuring the height of the stars above the horizon

sextant (example)

this scientific instrument was used to determine latitude and longitude

Straits of Hormuz

Portugal strengthened its hold in the Indian Ocean and off the coast of India by building a fort at Hormuz in 1514

Straits of Hormuz (example)

Hormuz is strait that connects the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea; it helped stop Muslim traders from reaching India

Straits of Malacca

in 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the city of Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula and in capturing this town, they seized control of this strait

Straits of Malacca (example)

seizing this waterway gave Portugal control of the Moluccas (islands so rich in spices that they became known as the "Spice Islands")

Goa

a port city on India's west coast

Goa (example)

it was captured by the Portuguese and made the capital of their trading empire

Cape of Good Hope

the Dutch controlled this city on the Southern tip of Africa (used as a resupply stop)

Cape of Good Hope (example)

with so many goods from the East traveling to the Netherlands, Amsterdam became a leading commercial center, leading them to rule many trading posts, including this one

Ming Dynasty

a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644; China became a dominant power in Asia under this dynasty; in recognition of China's power, vassal states of Korea to Southeast Asia paid Ming overlords regular tribute to acknowledge its submission

Ming Dynasty (example)

after Europe refused to give tribute to China, acknowledging a state of submission, this dynasty wasn't going to allow outsiders from distant lands to threaten the peace and prosperity they had brought to China when they ended the Mongol rule

Zheng He

a Chinese Muslim admiral; led 7 voyages of remarkable size (large distances were traveled, the fleets were huge, and the ships measured more than 400 feet long); everywhere he went, he distributed gifts of silver and silk to show Chinese superiority

Zheng He (example)

voyages ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa and 40 to 300 ships sailed in each expedition (fighting, storage, and "treasure"); crews of 27,000 men (sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountant, doctors, and religious leaders)

Manchus

a people native to Manchuria (northeast of the Great Wall of China), who ruled China during the Qing Dynasty (1644 to 1912)

Manchus (example)

invaded China and thus collapsed the Ming Dynasty; seized Beijing and their leader became China's new emperor

Qing Dynasty

the Manchus took the Chinese word for the people of the Manchurian region as their dynasty's name; China's last dynasty (ruled from 1644 to 1912)

Qing Dynasty (example)

this dynasty ruled for more than 260 years and expanded China's borders to include Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet

Kangxi

1 of 2 powerful Manchu rulers that greatly contributed to the acceptance of the new Qing Dynasty; became emperor in 1661 and ruled for about 60 years; he reduced government expenses and lowered taxes; a scholar and patron of the arts

Kangxi (example)

gained support of intellectuals by offering government positions; enjoyed the company of Jesuits; they spoke of developments in science, medicine, and mathematics in Europe; his grandson Qian-long helped China reach its greatest size and prosperity

Chinese "treasure" ships

accompanied fighting ships and storage vessels on 7 voyages led by the Chinese Muslim admiral, Zheng He, from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa

Chinese "treasure" ships (example)

these ships were used to carry and distribute gifts of silver and silk to show Chinese superiority

Matteo Ricci

an Italian Jesuit who brought Christianity and knowledge of European science and technology; the 1st Christian missionary that accompanied European traders into China;

Matteo Ricci (example)

he gained special favor at the Ming court through his intelligence and fluency in Chinese; still many educated Chinese opposed the European and Christian presence

daimyo

"great name"

a Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; under this system, security came from this group of powerful warlords; when this warlords seized control there was disorder throughout the land

daimyo (example)

"great name"

the daimyo seized control of old feudal estates when the emperor at Kyoto became a figurehead, having a leadership title, but no actual power; they offered peasants and others protection in return for their loyalty (resembled European feudalism)

Oda Nobunaga

a brutal and ambitious daimyo who hoped to gather enough power to control the entire country; defeated his rivals and seized the imperial capital, Kyoto, in 1568; his motto was "Rule the empire by force" and he sought to eliminate his reaming enemies

Oda Nobunaga (example)

in 1575, his 3,000 soldiers armed with muskets crushed an enemy force of samurai cavalry and this was the first time firearms had been used effectively in battle in Japan, but he was still not able to unify Japan

Oda Nobunaga (legacy)

he committed Seppuku (the ritual suicide of a samurai) in 1582, when one of his own generals turned on him; his best general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi continued his missions against rival daimyo and wealthy Buddhist monasteries, among many

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Nobunaga's best general who continued his fallen leader's mission; he set out to destroy the daimyo that remained hostile; by 1590, by combining brute force with shrewd political alliances, he controlled most of the country

Toyotomi Hideyoshi (example)

he had the idea of eventually regaining power, not only in Japan, but conquering China as well; he invaded Korea in 1592 and began a long campaign against the Koreans and their Ming Chinese allies; when he died in 1598, his troops withdrew from Korea

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Hideyoshi's strongest daimyo ally in unifying Japan; in 1600, he defeated rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara and victory earned him daimyo loyalty throughout Japan; 3 years later, he became shogun and moved the capital to Edo (now Tokyo);

Tokugawa Ieyasu (example)

created Tokugawa Shogunate and kept daimyo from rebelling by requiring them to spend every other year in the capital; through this "alternate attendance policy" and other restrictions, he tamed the daimyo

Tokugawa Ieyasu (legacy)

taming the daimyo was a major step towards restoring centralized government to Japan and as a result, the rule of law overcame the rule of the sword

Shogunate

"Tokugawa Shogunate"

a dynasty of shoguns founded by Ieyasu; held power from 1603 until 1867; time stability, prosperity, and isolation (culture prospered, population rose, farmers produced more food, Confucian values influenced a life based on agriculture, not commerce)

Shogunate (example)

"Tokugawa Shogunate"

society was structured with an actual Shogun as the ruler, (supreme military commander); below him were daimyo, then samurai, and then peasants and artisans; Japan shifted from rural to urban and increased employment opportunities for women

haiku

a Japanese form of poetry consisting of 3 unrhymed lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables

haiku (example)

this poetry presents images, rather than ideas and came alongside townspeople reading a new type of fiction (realistic stories about self-made merchants or the hardships of life)

Francis Xavier

a Jesuit missionary who led the first mission to Japan

Francis Xavier (example)

baptized about a hundred converts before he left Japan

Zen Buddhism

the form of Buddhism that had the greatest impact on the Japanese culture (especially influenced the samurai); these followers sought spiritual enlightenment through meditation

Zen Buddhism (example)

strict discipline of mind and body was the Zen path to wisdom; their monks would sit in meditation for hours and if they showed any signs of losing concentration, a master might shout at the them or hit them with a stick

Christopher Columbus

Genoese sea captain who made a daring voyage from Spain due to the competition for wealth in Asia among European nations; was interested in gold and when he didn't find it on one island, he would continue on to the next, taking it as his own

Christopher Columbus (example)

instead of sailing around Africa and then east, he sailed west across the Atlantic in search of an alternate trade route to Asia, but instead, he reached an island in the Caribbean, bringing together the people of Africa, Europe, and the Americas

Hernando Cortés

a Spanish explorer who landed on the shores of Mexico in 1519; after colonizing several Caribbean islands, the Spanish had turned their attention to the American mainland

Hernando Cortés (example)

marched inland, looking to claim new land for Spain; first European settlers in the Americas; as a result of their colonization, the Spanish greatly enriched their empire and left a mark on the cultures of North and South America that exists today

conquistadors

the Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century

conquistadors (example)

Cortés and the many other Spanish explorers who followed him were known by this; they were lured by rumors of vast lands filled with gold and silver; they carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America, and the Untied States

Francisco Pizarro

a conquistador who in 1532, marched a small force into South America and conquered the Incan Empire, captured and killed Atahualpa and marched into the Incan capital, Cuzco and captured it without a struggle (1533)

Francisco Pizarro (example)

the son of an infantry captain and young peasant woman that never married; he never learn to read, but was quite ambitious

Atahuapla

Incan ruler who met Pizarro and his army of about 200 men near the city of Cajamarca; commanded a force of about 30,000 along with several thousand unarmed men for the meeting, but the Spaniards waited in ambush, crushed the force, and kidnapped him

Atahuapla (example)

he offered to fill a room one time with gold and two times with silver in exchange for his release, but after receiving this ransom, the Spanish strangled the Incan king

meztizo

a person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry; in rank, below the penisulares and creoles, but above the mulattos and Indians

meztizo (example)

Spanish settlers in the Americas (penisulares) were mostly men and relationships between settlers and native women were common; these relationships created a large mixed American population

creole

in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents

creole (example)

below the penisulares in rank (could not hold high-level political office, but they could rise as officers in Spanish colonial armies) and together these two groups controlled land, wealth, and power in the Spanish colonies

penisulares

in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain

penisulares (example)

when the Congress of Vienna restored the king to the Spanish throne, royalists tried to regain control of these colonial governments; they were at the top of the Spanish-American society

encomienda

a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

encomienda (example)

although the Spanish conquerors lived among the native people, they also oppressed them and in their effort to exploit the land for its precious resources, the Spanish forced Native Americans to work within this system

The Reconquista

this period lasted about 700 years; when several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking and repopulating the Iberian Peninsula

The Reconquista (example)

in building their new American empire, the Spaniards drew from techniques used during this period in Spain

small pox

one of the invisible warriors that marched alongside the Spaniards (disease); Native Americans had never been exposed and had no natural immunity and as a result, they died by the hundreds of thousands and their population was greatly reduced

small pox (example)

brought alongside measly, mumps, and typhus to the Americas with Europeans; disease was more destructive than the European weapons; part of the Columbian Exchange

New France

modern-day Quebec; became the base of France's colonial empire in North America

New France (example)

in 1608, another French explorer, Samuel de Champlain, sailed up the St. Lawrence with about 32 colonists and founded Quebec

Jamestown

a settlement made in honor of the English king (James); the colony's start was disastrous because the settlers were more interested in finding gold than in planting crops

Jamestown (example)

this exploration to the Americas by the English was inspired by the Spanish and French; eventually they gained a foothold in their new land and became England's first permanent settlement in North America and their famers discovered tobacco

Pilgrims

a group of people who, in 1620, founded the colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts to escape religious persecution in England

Pilgrims (example)

their colonies had numerous families in the colony, unlike the mostly single, male population in Jamestown

Puritans

a group of people who sought freedom from religious persecution in England by founding a colony at Massachusetts Bay in the early 1600s

Puritans (example)

they wanted to build a model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow and although their colony experienced early difficulties, it gradually took hold

New Netherlands

the Dutch holdings of North America

New Netherlands (example)

the Dutch claimed the regions along these waterways and they established a fur trade with the Iroquois Indians and built trading posts and then formed the Dutch West India Company

French and Indian War

a conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763

French and Indian War (example)

this conflict became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years' War where Britain and France, along with their European allies, also batted for supremacy in Europe, the West Indies, and India

Atlantic slave trade

the buying, transporting, and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

Atlantic slave trade (example)

in time, the buy and selling of Africans for work in the Americas became a massive enterprise

triangular trade

the transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in the Americas

triangular trade (example)

Europeans often transported goods across the Atlantic and sold them in the West Indies where merchants bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco and then sailed from the West Indies to Europe with these products

middle passage

the voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves; it was called the middle passage because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade

middle passage (example)

in the ports of this pathway, European traders packed Africans into the dark holds of large ships and on board, the journey was characterized by sickening cruelty

Columbian Exchange

the global transfer of plants, animals, and disease that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas

Columbian Exchange (example)

during this transfer, ships from the Americas brought back a wide array of items that Europeans, Asians, and Africans had never seen before

capitalism

an economic system based on the private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

capitalism (example)

an aspect of the European economic revolution; governments were no longer the sole owners of great wealth during this revolution

joint-stock company

a business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits

joint-stock company (example)

the common purpose was American colonization because it took large amounts of money to establish overseas colonies

mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

mercantilism (example)

this theory that a country's power depended mainly on its wealth allowed nations to build strong navies and purchase vital goods and then the goal of every nation became the attainment of as much wealth as possible

About this deck

By: Saeli Eshelman
Textbook:

Modern World History, Grades 9-12 Patterns of Interaction: Mcdougal Littell World History Patterns of Interaction
Created: 2010-11-20
Size: 102 flashcards
Views: 14

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj