Fall 2010

Medical Pharmacology & Physiology 3202 with Hurley at University of Missouri- Columbia

About this deck

By: Sally Dalton
Created: 2011-05-09
Size: 93 flashcards
Views: 64

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1-1. What is Physiology?

It is the study of how the parts of the body work

1-2. What is homeostasis?

It is the ability of living things to maintain a constant internal environment

1-3. Which statement best describes positive and negative feedback systems?

Positive feedback systems produce large changes; negative feedback systems tend to reduce changes in variables

1-4. Which of the following units of weights are ordered correctly from lightest to heaviest?

microgram (ug), milligram (mg), gram (g)

1-5. Which of the following chemcial bonds are ordered correctly from weakest to strongest?

hydrogen bond, ionic bond, covalent bond

1-6. Comounds formed by polar covalent bonds tend to be soluble in water because their polar areas can bond with areas of opposite polarity on water molecules

True

1-7. Cholesterol is a good example of an amphipathic compound because it has both polar and non-polar areas on the same molecule.

False

1-8. How are proteins best described?

They are made up of amino acids and are the most structurally diverse and functionally versatile of biological compounds

1-9. What are the functions of messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)?

They are essential for protein synthesis

1-10. What do cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins have in common?

They are all part of the plasma membrane

1-11. Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis

1-12. Mitochondria

Sites of ATP synthesis

1-13. Plasma Membrane

Controls entry into and exit from cells

1-14. What are the cheif functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

It determines protein structure and transmit genetic information

1-15. Which of the following will most readily enter or leave a cell by simple diffusion?

A small, non-polar compound

1-16. What is the driving force for diffusion?

A concentration gradient

1-17. Correct: 1) Non-polar compounds cross the plasma membrane directly by simple diffusion. 2) Polr compounds cross the plasma membrane sing channels or carriers in the process of facilitated diffusion. 3) Amphipathic compounds are important components of the plasma membrane

All the above are correct

1-18. What is the defining characteristic of an active transport system?

A compound is transported across a membrane against its concentration gradient

1-19. Which of the following describes the Na+ K+ ATPase pump?

All the above

1. It is part of the plasma membrane and uses ATP as its energy source

2. It moves 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell for each ATP used

3. It is electrogenic producing a separation of charge

1-20. How is the Ca2+ ATPase pump best described?

It moves 2 Ca2+ ions out of the cell for each ATP used

1-21. How will the volume of a cell containing solutes at 300 mOsmoles/L change when it is exposed to a solution of 500 mOsmoles/L?

It shrink

1-22. According to Ohm's Law, how does electrical current change when both voltage and resistance are double?

There is no change

1-23. According to the Nernst equation, the greater the concetration difference of an ion outside and inside a cell the greater will be the absolute value of equilibrium potential of that ion

True

1-24. The resting membrane potential of a cell is -70mv. What would that potential most ikely be if the cell became more permeable to K+?

-80 mv

1-25. What is the most important factor that establishes the resting membrane potential of a cell?

The diffusion of K+ out of the cell

1-26. An increase in permeability to K+ can produe hyperpolarization during this potential?

Both graded and action potential

1-27. The change in membrane voltage during this potential decays with distance from the point of stimulation

graded membrane potential

1-28. Changes in this membrane potential do not vary in amplitude or duration

action potential

1-29. Why is it that, during its absolute refactory period, a cell cannot respond to any stimulus no matter how strong?

Because the voltage-gated Na+ channels need time to close and return to their resting conformation

1-33. Which part of a nerve cell conducts the action potential?

The axon

1-34. What effect does myelin have on nerve cell function?

It insulates the axon so depolarizing current travels farther and faster

1-35. Synaptic vesicles

They fuse with plasma membrane and release a neurotransmitter

1-36. Voltage-gated CA2+ channels

They open when the presynaptic membrane depolarizes

1-37. Synaptic cleft

A space across which a neurotransmitter diffuses

1-38. Gap Junction

They allow passage of ions directly from pre- to postsynaptic cell

1-39. What occupies most of the time reqired for synaptic transmission in a chemical synapses

Diffusion of the neurotransmitter

1-40. What property is conferred on tissues by the presence of electrical synapses?

The tissue functions as a unit

1-41. What is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular (myoneural) junction?

Acetylcholine

1-42. At the neuromuscular junction many end plate potential (EPPs) are required to reach threshod and initiate an action potential

False

1-43. In the central nervous system many excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) are required to reach threshold and initiate an action potential

True

1-44. How are skeletal muscles innervated?

By the somatic nervous system

1-45. What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

It is a small depolarization of a central nervous system neuron due to stimulation by a single neighboring neuron

1-46. How do neurons in the central nervous system integrate inputs from neraby cells?

Neurons in the central nervous system sum the excitatory an inhibitory signals from many neurons and then generate (or not) action potentials.

1-47. At these synapses a neurotransmitter always stimulates the postsynaptic cell

myoneural junction

1-48. These are chemical synapses requiring the release a neurotransmitter

both myoneural junction and central nervous system

1-49. A postsynaptic cell may receive input from many other cells creating spatial or temporal summation?

synapses in the central nervous system

2-1. How is skeletal muscle stimulate?

By alpha motor neurons of the somatic nervous system

2-2. What do the uterus, the gastrointestinal tract wal and urinary and gall bladders have in common?

All are composed mostly of smooth muscle

2-3. What structure attaches muscle to bone and transmit force generated during contraction?

a tendon

2-4. How is the thin filament of a skeltal muscle best described?

It is made up of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

2-5. Which of the following shortens during skeltal muscle contraction?

The sarcomeres

2-6. What has binding sites for actin and ATP and is joined to flexible light chanin?

A myosin globular head group

2-7. Which compound binds Ca2+ when skeletal muscle is stimulated?

Troponin

2-8. Which of the following best describes skeletal muscle contraction?

It results from the cyclical binding and unbinding of actin-myosin cross bridges

2-9. It contains a membrane-bound ATPase that forms a Ca2+ store within skeletal muscle cells

The sarcoplasmic reticulum

2-10. It is an extension of the plasma membrane that opens a Ca2+ release channel

A transverse (t) tubule

2-11. It undergoes a shape change that exposes a myosin binding site on actin

Tropomyosin

2-12. What is the most important factor determining how much force a skeletal muscle can generate?

The numbe of actin-myosin cross bridges formed

2-13. Actin is an ATPase

False

2-14. The most important factor in determining the length-tension relationship is both skeletal and smooth muscle is the degree of overlap of thick and thin filaments

True

2-15 With what compound in smooth muscle does Ca2+ interact directly?

Calmodulin

2-16. In smooth muscle, what activates myosin enabling it to form a cross bridge with actin?

The Ca2+ calmodulin complex

2-17. What is the functional importance of there being more actin in smooth muscle than in skeletal muscle and that actin fibers are longer in smooth muscle than in skeletal muscle?

Smooth muscle can generate force over a wider range of stretch than can skeletal muscle

2-18. In skeletal muscle, how do recruitment (quantal summation) and temporal summation (tetanus) differ?

All the above

1. Quantal summation cannot generate as much force as can temporal summation

2. Temporal summation requires more time to generate maximum force than does quantal summation

3. During temporal summation the Ca2+ conecntration inside muscle cell is much higher than during quantal summation

2-19. How are cells of single unit smooth muscle able to as a unit?

They are electrically coupled by gap junctions so depolarization spreads directly from cell to cell

2-22. Which of the following components of a skeletal muscle twitch are ordered correctly from shortet to longest duration?

Absolute refractory period, latent period, contractile phase, relaxation phase

2-23. How is graded force generation obtained in a skeletal muscle when each motor unit is responding in an all-or-none fashion?

Different motor units have different thresholds so increasing stimuli activate more motor untis

2-24 About how long is the absolute refractory period in a frog's gastrocnemius muscle?

1-3 msec

2-25. Why is the force developed by a skeletal muscle during tetanus so much greater than the force developed by the same muscle during a twitch stimulated by a single supramaximal stimulus?

Because frequent stimuli increase Ca2+ concenration in muscle cells more than does a single stimulus so more cross bridges form

2-26 What accounts for the latent period in skeletal muscle?

All the above

1. Ca2+ is released from the arcoplasmic reticulum

2. Ca2+ binds to a protein associated with the thin filaments

3. Proteins undergo shape changes to uncover myosin binding sites

2-27. What part of a spinal cord segment is NOT involved in a spinal reflex?

The white matter

2-28 Which spinal reflex has only one synapse in the spinal cord?

The tendon stretch (knee jerk) reflex

2-29 How do suprasegmental reflexes differ from segmental or intersegmental reflexes?

Suprasegmental reflexes require the brain; other reflexes don't

2-30. During a cerain spinal reflex an extensor muscle group is stimulated. What happens to the flexor muscle group that opposes the stimulated extensor?

It will be relaxed ecause its alpha motor neurons will be hyperpolarized by spinal cord interneurons

2-31 Why is the tendon stretch (knee jerk) relfex faster than other spinal reflexes?

Because it is the spinal reflex with the fewest synapses

2-32. How are the cutaneous senses best described?

They are widely distributed and associated with the skin

2-33 What is the "adequate stimulus" of a sensory receptor?

It is the form of energy to which the receptor is most sensitive

2-34 Sensory receptors typically convert electrical energy into different forms of energy (chemical, light, pain)

False

2-35 How does the sense of pain differ from other sensory systems?

Sensations of pain can be mediated by any neuron responding to the products of tissue damage

2-36 How is the intensity of a stimulus coded in sensory systems?

More intesne stimuli evoke more frequent action potentials from a greater nubmer of sensory units than do lesser stimuli

2-37 Sensory system A is characterized by a large number of small, overlapping receptive fields with little convergence in its sensory pathway. Sensory system B has fewer receptive fields which are large overlap little and have a high degree of convergence in the sensory pathway. Describe:

All the above

1. Sensory System A has greater acuity than system B

2. Sensroy system A will occupy a greater area in the sensory cortex than will system B

3. Sensory system A is typical of fingers and lips while system B is found in arms and legs

2-38 What type of sensory receptor continues to respond as long as the stimulus is present?

A tonic receptor

2-39 What do the sense of taste and smell have in common?

Both respond to chemicals in solution

2-40 Different wavelengths of visible light are perceived as different colors

True

2-41 How is the fovea centralis (fovea) of the eye best described?

It is the part of the retina where cones are located and detail in vision is greatest

2-42 How is the system of ciliary muscle and zonular fibers in the eye best described?

It regulates lens thickness to allow focusing of objects at different distances

2-44 Incorrct:

When a photopigment s bleached by exposue to light it is quickly reformed so vision is uninterrupted

2-45 Where does the optic nerve carry information?

All the above

1. To the visual cortex via the thalamus

2. To the hypothalamus to regulate occular reflexes

3. To the superior colliculus to regulate occular reflexes

2-46 Which of the following peripheral nervous systems can either stimulate or inhibit the organs they innervate

The autonomic nervous system

2-47 What would be the effect of a drug that prevented the release of acetylcholine from all nerve terminals?

All the above

1. Skeletal muscles would be paralyzed

2. The parasympathetic nervous system would stop working

3. The sympathetic nervous system would stop working

2-48. A textbook contians the following "It is modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes epinephrine into the blood stream which it is stimulated during the flight or fight response" What is it?

The adrenal medulla

2-49 When a neuron in the autonomic nervous system releases a neurotransmitter what is the most important determinant of the response

The receptor on the effector organ

About this deck

By: Sally Dalton
Created: 2011-05-09
Size: 93 flashcards
Views: 64

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis