Final Exam (Ch.12-16) Lecture and Book Notes

Psychology 3604 with Klimes-dougan at University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

About this deck

By: Alexandra Orr
Textbook:

Abnormal Psychology and Life: A Dimensional Approach

Abnormal Psychology: Core Concepts (2nd Edition) (MyPsychLab Series)
Created: 2011-05-01
Size: 125 flashcards
Views: 116

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What axis are Personality disorders coded on?

Axis III

Cluster A

Odd/eccentric cluster: paranoid, shizoid, schizotypal

Cluster B

emotional/erractic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcisstic

people with Cluster C disorders are

anxious/fearful; avoidant, dependent: avoidant P.D., dependent P.D., OCD

Schizoid Personality Disorder

pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

social and interpersonal deficits marked by discomfort with reduced capacity for close relatoinships...cognitive and perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior.

Anti-social

disregard and violation of others

borderline

instability of interpersonal relationships, self image, affects and control over impulses

histrionic sufferers have __________ emotion and ________________.

excessive, attention seeking

narcisstic

pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy

avoidant P.D.

pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative emotion

dependent personality disorder

excessive need to be taken care of; leads to submissive/clinging behavior in fears of separation

Criterion gender bias with what two disorders

anti social and histrionic
histrionic= girl form of antisocial

There is a high/low comorbidity among personality disorders

high

Causes of Paranoid(bio, psych, and culture contributions):

Bio: more common among those with schizophrenic relative
psych: mindset that everyone is out to get you
culture: diff groups more at risk such as prisoners, refugees, elderly

Treatment for Paranoid P.D:

therapists provide trusting environment

no other treatments found to be helpful

Schizoid P.D. causes:

shyness in childhood
abuse/neglect in childhood
autism

Treatment of Schizoid:

therapy-educate value of social relationships, social skills training

Schizotypal PD causes:

viewed as phenotype to schizophrenia
possibly schizophrenic gene but lack of biological/environmental influence so less severe form develops

If you have Schizotypal you have damage to the______hemisphere, also with generalized brain abnormalities

left

Which personality disorder of Cluster B is thought to be on a continuum with schizophrenia?

schizotypal pd

Treatment for schizotypal pd

combo of approaches: anti psychotic meds
community treatment
social skills training

The cause of anti social pd disorder is most likely a _____-________ _______.

gene-environment interaction

Under arousal hypothesis:

used to explain neurobiological influences for antisocial pd.psychopaths have abnormally low levels of corticol arousal therefore they seek increases in cortisol

Yerkes-Dodson Curve:

peeps with high or low levels of arousal tend to experience negative affect and perform poorly in many situations, whereas intermediate levels of arousal--content/satisfactory in most situations

BIS system contains:

septohippocampal system, involves noradrenergic and serotonergic systems

in psychopaths there are an imbalance within the major brain systems:

high reward system activation and low BIS activation

so negative feedback means nothing

reward system

dopaminergic in the mesolimbic area of brain(pleasure pathway)

T or F: anti social symptoms often declines with age

true

Antisoical treatment for children?

often do not seek treatment
for children-parent training, programs in schools to identify at risk children(aggressive)

Genetic causes of borderline is a mutation of _______ ___________ gene.

mutation of serotonin transporter gene

psych causes of borderline

low self esteem, tendency to experience shame
linked with mood disorders

gene environment interaction for borderline:

sexual abuse
female PTSD?

meds for borderline

meds: SSRIs, lithium

Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for borderline

works to lessen most harmful/immediate issues first(suicide), then work to better quality of life
learns to trust themselves rather than validation from others

treatment of histrionic

therapy focusing on problem behaviors

causes of narcisstic...not taught________ as a child. ____ generation

"me" generation
not taught empathy as a child

treatment for narcisstic; therapy focuses on?

cognitive therapy: focus on day to day little pleasures, not fantasies

avoidant pd is linked with what disease ?

linked to schizophrenia

treatment for avoidant is the same as________ _________ therapy

same as social phobia
therapy

causes of dependent; issues with_________ in early life.

issue with attachment early in life

Kraeplin (schizophreniz)

first person to combine symptoms which at one time categorized as other individual disorders

Contributors to schizophrenia early on...

Haslam, Benedict
Pinel

Dementia Praecox

early name for schizophrenia involved catatonia, hebephrenia: silly immature emotionality, and paranoia

-kraeplin coined this

Eugen Blueler

intro'd "schizophrenia"
believed in associative splitting of mind. the destruction of the forces that connect one function to the next

psychotic behaviors (schizophrenia)

delusions, hallucinations

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

avolition: inability to initiate and persist in activities. little or no interest
alogia: relative absence of speech (negative thought disorder rather then lack of language skills)
anhedonia
affective flattening

disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia

disorganized speech
inappropriate affect

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

paranoid
disorganized/hebephrenic
catatonic: odd mannerisms with body and face
undifferentiated type: meet major criteria for schizophrenia, but not for others

echopraxia

mimic repeat movements of others

echolalia

verbal mimic...assoicated with catatonic schizophrenic

residual type of schizphrenia

peeps who have had at least one episode , but no longer manifest major symptoms
negative beliefs and unusual ideas

Schizophreniform disorder lasts_________, and then resume normal life

only for a few months and then resume normal life

schizoaffective disorder is schizophrenia with a diagnosis of a _______ disorder as well.

schizophrenia with a mood disorder

delusional disorder

persistent delusion but no other schizophrenic symptoms
no organic factor such as brain seizures
no flat affect or hedonia
different from schizophrenia bc delusions are actually possible ex. being followed

subtypes of delusional disorder(4)

gradiose
erotomanic: belief that one is loved by another person; usually of higher status
persecutory
somatic: person feels afflicted by physical defect or medical

brief psychotic disorder lasts a ________ or less

presence of one or more positive symptoms-lasting a month or less

shared psychotic disorder(folie a deux)

individual develops delusions bc of a close relationship with someone with delusional disorder
usually mother daughter or sister-sister pairs

endophenotyping

try to find basic processes that contribute to the behaviors/symptoms of disorders an then find gene or genes that cause difficulties

examples of endophenotypes

smooth persuit eye movement: keeping head still, use eyes to track swinging pedelum- schizos can't do this

neuroleptic meds

treat hallucinations and delusions

agonistic agents

increase neurotransmitters

antagonistic

decreases/blocks uptake at level of the dendrite or cause leaks that reduce amount of neurotransmitters released

Dopamine Theory

dopamine system too active in schizophrenics D1-deficit and D2-excessive
proof- antipsycotics are dopamine antagonists
also cause negative side effects similar to Parkinson's which is deficit in dopamine

evidence against dopamine theory

significant # of peeps with schizophrenia not helped by dopamine antagonists
only partially helpful in helping negative side effects
neuroleptics work slower than expected

hypofrontality

schizophrenics have many deficits in prefrontal section of brain

Brain abnormalities associated with Schizophrenia/psychotic symptoms

lessened activity in frontal lobe-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
*all brain activity occurs before onset and gets progressively worse

prenatal influences of schizphrenia/psychotic symptoms

fetal exposure to viral infection
influenza causes brain damage/dysfunction- leads to schizo

delivery complications- stress

psycho-social influences for schizophrenia/psychotic symptoms

stress
schizophrenogenic mother: cold/dominant mom and rejecting causes schizo
double bind communication:conflicting messages; parents produce guilt
family communication: high expressed emotion= high likely of relapse

treatment for schizophrenia

psychosurgery: prefrontal lobotimies
ECT: electroconfulsive therapy
antipsychotic meds
transcranial magnetic stimulation

Assertive Community Treatment

schizophrenia/psychotic symptoms treatment: multidisciplinary; broad ranging treatment

prevention for schizophrenai

identify and treat at riskers
vaccinations against viruses for women of child bearing age

genetic causes of ADHD

dopamine D4 receptor gene
dopamine transporter gene DAT!
D5 receptor

T or F ADHD have a slightly larger brain volume

false- smaller.

psycho social causes of ADHD

negative responses from parents and teachers

treatment for ADHD

stimulants: in small doses induces brain's ability to focus
selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibior
CBT

causes of reading issues in brain

left hemisphere-- broca's area(articulation)
left parietotemporal area
left occipitotemporal area

causes of math issues in brain

intraparietal sulcus- left hemisphere

treatment for learning disorders of reading and math

educational efforts- specific skills instruction, strategy instruction

Pervasive Developmental Disorders

all experience issues with language, socialization, and cognition
not minor, affects lives significantly

Autism

social interactions/communications impaired

Causes of autism(biological)

lack of self awareness
linked with oxytocin gene(low levels)
less neurons in amygdala: overactive enlarged amygdala as child and damaage to amygdala later

Asberger's disorder

social interactions and language delays
more verbal than autistics
avg IQ
clumsy

causes of asberger's

amygdala, runs in families

treatment for asberger's

behavioral treatment, skill building, teach imitation
meds- SSRIs, tranquilizars

Mental Retardation- 3 requirements for diagnosis

subavg intelligence
impairments in adaptive functioning
age of onset before 18 years

causes of mental retardation

PKU in newborns
tuberous sclerosis: dominant gene that passes it
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: x linked disorder(only males affected)

down syndrome people have an extra

an extra 21st chromosome

treatment for mental retardation

social, living skills, communication training
augmentive comm strategies: using pictures and charades to comm message

Delirium

impaired consciousness and cognition; over several hrs or days
confused and disoriented

causes of delirium

most prevalent among elderly, cancer and aids patients
intoxication of drugs/alcohol
improper use of medication
adverse drug reactions

treatments for delirium

anti-psychotic meds
psychosocial interventions: provide stability

Causes of Dementia

meds
abuse of alcohol/drugs
stroke
head injury
alzheimers

symptoms of dementia

agnosia: inability to recognize and name objects
facial agnosia
emotional side effects bc deteriorating mental functioning

Dementia of Alzheimer's Type

inability to integrate new info
aphrasia: difficulty with language
apraxia: impaired motor functioning

low idea density

simple statements- predictive of alzheimers

stages of alzheimers

beginning and end-slow
middle-rapid

Vascular Dementia

when blood vessels blocked/damage which results in potential long-term dementia

substance-induced persisting dementia

drug use with poor diet

Pick's disease causes_________ dementia. occurs early/later in life?

causes corticol dementia, occurs early in life

Bio causes of dementia

neurofibrillary tangles
amyloid plaques

2 causes of amyloid plaque

amyloid precursor gene- breaks down and produces plaque results from chromo 21

down syndrome- extra chromo 21, therfore more APP gene

psychosocial influences of dementia;____________ affects onset and course

lifestyle affects onset and course

drug use and culture

treatments of dementia

drugs that prevent breakdown of acetylcholine transmitter
ACE is deficit in alzheimers

ginkgo bibloba: improves memory
vitamin E
SSRIs, antipsychotics

psychosocial treatment for dementia

taught skills, "memory wallets"
cognition stimulation

prevention of dementia?

control blood pressure
exercise

Amnestic Disorder

can't retain simplistic info for short time; still retains higher cognition

Wernicke-Korsakoff is associated with what disease? damage to?

brain damage to thalamus
amnestic disorder

criteria for civil commitment

person must be mentally ill
danger to himself or others
unable to care/feed self= grave disability

mental illness

legal concept, typically meaning severe emotional or thought disturbances
mental illness does not always mean psych disorder

transinstitutionalization; people transferred from __________ to ________

large psych hospitals to nursing homes, other group residences including jails

diminished capacity

holds people's ablity to understand nature of their behavior, criminal intent, diminished bc mentally ill

therapeutic jurisprudence; tension between? solution?

tension between judicial system and mental health system

solution-- problem solving courts

Evidence based practice

clinical efficacy axis: consider evidence to see if effective
clinical utility axis: effectiveness in practice setting in which to be applied

T or F: Dsm is dimensional rather than categorical

false, it is categorical with is less flexible and sometime arbitrary

antisocial is associate with these two things

criminality
low intelligence

psychoanalytic theory of borderline personality disorder

did mother push child out into world? narcisstic
or hold them back?

Borderline personality disorder has high comorbidity with

depression and substance abuse

Mental retardation is coded on Axis

Axis II

fragile X syndrome

abnormality on X chromosome. a cause of mental retardation

Maternal drinking is a cause of ADHD t or f

false, maternal smoking

Psychosocial contributions to learning disorders(3)

socioeconomic status, motivational, cultural expectations

Possible explanations as to why autism is on the rise(3)

reclassification of autism to include those with asbergers or retardation

neurotoxins from landfills
vaccines

Psychosis

group of symptoms; hallucination and delusion

examples of positive symptoms

hallucinations- most common: auditory(broca's area stimulated, suggests they may just be hearing their own voice
delusions
capgras: delusion of body double