FINAL EXAM OUTLINE

Sociology 222 with Reck at Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway

About this deck

By: Isabel Advis
Textbook:

Criminology: A Sociological Understanding, 4th Edition

No Equal Justice: Race and Class in the American Criminal Justice System

Rich Get Richer and The Poor Get Prison, The (8th Edition)
Created: 2009-05-09
Size: 40 flashcards
Views: 71

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Mandatory minimum sentencing (MMS) generally does NOT apply to minor offenses. However, there are 2 important exceptions:
(2 answers)

MMS for non-violent drug offenses; and
3 strikes laws (a type of MMS) that treat certain misdemeanors (e.g., petty theft) as sufficient for a 3rd strike (which kicks in MMS).

An eyewitness identification, by itself?
(4 answers)

What factors affect eyewitness identification?
Why else mistaken, yet sincere, identification?
Why knowingly false identifications?
Recantations

Deterrence
(4 answers)

if punishment far outweighs the crime? then this suggests deterrence rather than retribution
If the rime is particularly abhorrent, such that the "average" person would not even think of such a crime, then this suggests retribution rather than deterrence
Deterrence and enforcement - What type of enforcement (or at least the perception of enforcement) is needed in order for a person to actually be deterred?
How does Singapore differ from Finland?

Effectiveness
(2 answers)

potential response of the offender?
Shame only has meaning where? Anonymity?

Geographic application and consequences?
(2 answers)

Who's affected and where?
Why do drug free zones have little deterrent effect?

Mandatory Minimums
(9 answers)

Intended purposes
How do they affect judges' and prosecutors' discretion?
Who is most likely to cut a deal with prosecutors for a more lenient sentence?
Who is most likely to receive the harshest sentences in a drug conspiracy?
How do mandatory sentences for drugs compare with sentences for other crimes?
What do mandatory drug sentences encourage innocent arrestees to do?
Those who know the government has some evidence against them are more likely to do what?
Effectiveness in combating drug dealing?
How have they affected the operation of criminal justice system?

What do they try to do?
(1 answer)

Keep the non violent offenders out of jail or have them paroled early, and keep the vilent offenders in jail

Sentencing Commissions
(4 answers)

What do they consider?
What do they try to do?
Who had discretion?
Consequences?

Alternative Forms of Sentencing and Punishment
(2 answers)

Sentencing Commissions
Smart sentencing

Rehabilitation
(1 answer)

state officials' attitude toward rehabilitation?

How does DNA evidence help defendents?
(1 answer)

In DNA exoneration cases, convictions were based on....? (2)

takes sentencing out of whose hands?
(1 answer)

Legislators/politicians

Requiring long, fixed sentences
(3 answers)

Undermined by what?
Plea barganing
Why?

DNA evidence has raise dbar on what qualifies as....?
(1 answer)

Harder for defendants to establish what without biological evidence?

How does punishment compare to type of thrid offense in many cases?
(1 answer)

punishment based on severity of offense or career?

Three Strikes Laws
(9 answers)

Intended purpose
How does punishment compare to type of thrid offense in many cases?
Effectiveness in putting away violent offenders? In saving money?
How might 3 strikes law increase violent behavior?
Who is likely to be sentenced?
How have they affected the operation of criminal justuce system?
Whose power is increased and how?
justificationf for 3 strikes laws?
Consistently implemented?

Who had discretion?
(1 answer)

the judge has discretion like under smart sentencing although the judge's discretion generally can't stray to far from the Commissions guidelines

Asset forfeiture
(1 answer)

Who can seize what, when? Do you get it back?

Effect on reanalysis of DNA tests?
(1 answer)

Why don't judges authorize retesting? Costs?

Multiple lineup itself?
(1 answer)

Witness picks whom?

Belief that DNA evidence is...? By whom?
(3 answers)

Effect on reanalysis of DNA tests?
Effect on (even innocent) defendants taking a plea?
Effect on people seeking to overturn wrongful convictions?

Equality in sentencing
(3 answers)

Undermined by what?
Prosecutor's discretion?
Why?

Who is most likely to receive the harshest sentences in a drug conspiracy?
(1 answer)

For what behavior?

Is DNA evidence sufficient?
(5 answers)

Handling of DNA evidence?
Interpretation of results and significance?
Belief that DNA evidence is...? By whom?
How does DNA evidence help defendents?
How does DNA evidence potentially harm defendents?

What is sufficient evidence to carry out an execution?
(4 answers)

a confession, by itself?
An eyewitness identification, by itself?
Is DNA evidence sufficient?
For what types of offenses is SNA evidence relevant? - Obviously, those offenses where there would be some physical evidence (e.g. blood, semen, skin, eyeball, ect) left at the scene of the crime. Consider whether there has been an intimate violent struggle versus whether the killing crime has been accomplished from a distance (e.g. shooting a gun)

At the lineup/mug shots viewing?
(4 answers)

Police behavior?
How lineup set up?
Multiple lineup itself?
Witnesses discuss what?

How viewed by judicial system (e.g. judges)?
(2 answers)

Why? Seen as motivated by what?
Irony? No similar concern about what?

What factors affect eyewitness identification?
(2 answers)

at the scene of the crime?
At the lineup/mug shots viewing?

Intended purposes
(2 answers)

Equality in sentencing
Requiring long, fixed sentences

How does DNA evidence potentially harm defendents?
(3 answers)

DNA evidence has raise dbar on what qualifies as....?
More exact DNA evidence may have what effects? Convictions/ on use of the death penalty?
Effect of DNA databases?

What do they consider?
(1 answer)

Both the offender's career and the severity of offenses

Harder for defendants to establish what without biological evidence?
(1 answer)

DNA evidence abailabe in what percentage of violent crimes?

Smart sentencing
(4 answers)

judge has wide discretion to select punishment
public shaming
non public shaming examples
potential consequences

MMS for non-violent drug offenses; and3 strikes laws (a type of MMS) that treat certain misdemeanors (e.g., petty theft) as sufficient for a 3rd strike (which kicks in MMS).
(1 answer)

So if a person who has been convicted of a minor offense receives a long sentence, this suggests there is a 3 strikes law in effect.

Drug Free Zones
(7 answers)

Apply to what offenses?
Do they further the goal of equality in sentencing?
How do they affect perception of arbitrariness in criminal justice system?
How have they affected the operation of criminal justice system?
Whose power is increased and how?
Geographic application and consequences?
Have they achieved there intended purpose?

Effect of DNA databases?
(1 answer)

On arrests?

public shaming
(1 answer)

purposes

Recantations
(1 answer)

How viewed by judicial system (e.g. judges)?

Consequences?
(1 answer)

takes sentencing out of whose hands?Legislators/politicians

potential consequences
(4 answers)

Effectiveness
Effect on others?
Appropriateness?
Effects on the community?