Final Exam Review

History 443 with Cole at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

About this deck

By: Firas Shalabi
Textbook:

A History of Modern Iran

Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents

Turkey: The Quest for Identity
Created: 2009-04-27
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 81

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Wahhabism

a�conservative form of Sunni Islam attributed to Muhammad ibn
Abd-al-Wahhab, an 18th century scholar from what is today known as Saudi Arabia, who
advocated a return to the practices of the first three generations of Islamic history.

King Khalid

Became king of Saudi Arabia after King Faisal's assassination in 1975.
Ruled 'til his own death in 1982.
King Khalid followed King Faisal's mission statement to issue law based on the Quran.
He also believed that righteous behavior is the key to political and military strength.

King Fahd

Fahd was King when the Saudis intervene in Lebanon
Sent an envoy to Lebanon in the 1980s
Fahd was viewed as the de facto PM during King Khalid's reign
King Fahd had a strict Islamic policy, but lived a life of great luxury

Al-Azhar

University in Egypt, founded in 975
Chief center of Arabic lit. and Sunni Islamic learning in the world
Has been an important lobbying institution for the powerless Egyptian masses vis-a-vis their despotic rulers

Shari'a

the body of Islamic religious law
the legal framework w/in which the public and private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on fiqh
deals w/ many aspects of day-to-day life, including politics, economics, banking, business, contracts, family, sexuality, hygiene, and social issues
The Muslim Brotherhood wanted Egypt to base their law off of this

Sufism

Perpetual quest for 'unity w/ God'
seeks human salvation and eternal peace & harmony thru minimum involvement in societal affairs
they are mostly loosely organized fraternities around mystical leaders

Hassan al-Banna

Contemporary 'Isamic activism' in Egypt has its roots int he Muslim Brotherhood, which was established by Hassan al-Banna in 1928

Muslim Brotherhood

They strive to bring about the Islamic order to restore a 'paradise lost'
they use both peaceful and violent means to spread their message
they've managed to politicize Islam more than any other indigenous popular movement in Egypt's history
in it's most violent stage, the Brotherhood was involved in assassinations of political opponents
they didn't recover from their attempt to take Nasser's life in 1954 until 1967 after Nasser's defeat
they discarded violence thereafter
broke up into 4 groups: apolitical MB, mainstream MB, anti-regime MB, and anti-society MB

Sayyid Qutb

intellectual roots of this anti-society tendency are found primarily in the writings of Sayyid Qutb
He was a Brotherhood veteran who was executed by the Nasser regime in 1965
In his famous book, Maalemfi al-Tarik (Landmarks on the Road), Qutb declared the entire Egyptian Society as a jahiliyya society.
His arguments have compelled thousands of Muslim youngsters in Egypt & elsewhere...

Jahiliyya

the anti-society MB broke away from the Brotherhood in the '70s
initiatied by Shukri Mustafa
deplored the corrupt, decadent, and sinful nature of Egyptian society
believed that moral change was required
its strategy was one of patience and its goals, long-term
called for building a 'community of believers' who would act out 'the true life of Islam'
Shukri Mustafa and his followers cite the example of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who fled to Medina w/ a few followers after being harrassed by the jahiliyya ppl of Mecca, and established in Medina the first true Muslim Community

Tanzim al-Jihad al-Islami (Islamic Jihad Organization)

This anti-regime tendency has been embodied in the Islamic Liberation Organization and the Jihad Organization
The Jihad group was by far the bloodiest and most deadly in its confrontations w/ the state
Despite the preventive arrest of hundreds of its members by the state in Sep. 1981, the group still had organizational sufficiency to carry out the assassination plot that took the life of President Sadat on Oct. 6 1981

Al-Gama'a Al-Islamiyaa (Islamic Grouping)

an Egyptian Islamist movement, considered a terrorist org.
wants to replace Egyptian Gov. w/ an Islamic state
Assassination attempt against Pres. Hosni Mubarak in 1995 in Ethiopia
In its early days, the group was primarily active on university campuses, and was mainly composed of university students, along w/ some inmates of Egyptian jails
However, its membership has since become poorer, younger, and less educated, as its base of recruitment has moved from universities to poor neighborhoods
the cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman is the spiritual leader of the movement
Convicted and sentenced to life in prison for participating in the World Trade Center bombings conspiracy in 1993
Deputy leader of Al-Qaeda Ayman Al-Zawahiri announced a new alliance w/ Gama'a al Islamiyya, in a vid released on the internet on Aug. 5 2006

Hosni Mubarak

4th, and current, Pres. of the Arab Republic of Egypt
appointed VP in 1975, took Presidency Oct 14, 1981, following the assassination of Anwar el-Sadat
Sadat's peace treaty w/ Israel led to their suspension of membership in the Arab League, but Egypt regained this 9 yrs after Sadat's assassination under Mubarak
after assassination attempt on Mubarak in 1995 by Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, 20,000 ppl were placed in detention by 1999
unemployment still a major issue, and Mubarak criticized for favoring big business and privatization
Mubarak made political parties based on religious ideology illegal in order to stifle the Muslim Brotherhood

Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

1979-1989

conflict involving Soviet Union forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) gov. against the muhahideen resistance
latter group found support from variety of sources, including US

(contect of the Cold War)

Russian military involvement in Afghanistan has a long history

Russia viewed the signing of the US-backed peace agreement b/t Israel and Egypt as a major advantage for the US, and a military pact as well as a peace treaty
PDPA imposed Soviet program of reforms that was ill-received by population deeply immersed in tradition & Islam
Pakistanis asked US to aid the mujahidin in Afghanistan in 1981
US aided resistance groups in July 1979, taking a "protective" role in Afghanistan for the first time

did it b/c of oil
and b/c of 'Communist threat'

in 1987, US gave $700 million for military resistance
US allied w/ PAK & Saudi Arabia
Saudis funded mujahadin, gained importance in the region, converted refugees to Wahabbism in camps
Osama bin Laden joined the resistance in Afghanistan, due to US ties & money

gained power

consequences of aiding the muhahadin in Afghanistan: spread of terrorist attacks beyond Afganistan
In 1989, Soviets left Afghanistan
US continued to fund mujahadin to overthrow local communist regime
Afghanistan was in a state of anarchy
US supported the rise of the Taliban

Mujahidin (cont'd from Soviet invasion of Afghanistan)

After the Soviet Union pulled out of the conflict in the late 1980s, the mujahadin fought each other in the subsequent Afghan Civil War

Taliban

a Sunni Islamist, predominately Pashtun, fundamentalist religious and political movement that governed Afghanistan from 1996-2001, when its leaders were removed by NATO
regrouped since 2004, and revived as a strong insurgency movement, fighting a guerilla war against the current gov. of Afghanistan
The Taliban implemented one of the strictest interpretation of Shari'a law ever seen in the Muslim world
widely criticized for treatment of women
Led by Mullah Mohammad Omar

Osama bin Laden

joined the resistance in Afghanistan due to US ties and money
gained power and money
article by Snyde: not simply a terrorist, but a "civilizational revolutionary"

b/c he sought to change a region

anti-American b/c of their unconditional support of Israel and their spread of secularism
failed after 9/11 b/c he didn't get complete Muslim sympathy
misjudged degree to which Arabs in ME cared about Afghanistan

Al-Qaeda

having run out of money in Feb. 1998, Zawahiri and Egyptian Islamic Jihad (who had killed Sadat) sought an alliance w/ ObL
they created International Islamic Front against Jews and Crusaders (al-Qaeda)
their attempts to overthrow Near Enemies had failed (ex. Egypt) b/c the West supported these gov.'s
Al-Qaeda then decides to hit US (Far Enemy)
instance of a blow back - US previously helped them train w/ guerilla tactcs, and the came and attacked US later
9/11 planned at al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan
US destroyed these in Afghanistan War
the challenge of al-Qaeda is that they're a small non-state org., w/ lots of networks, and are hard to find/trace
al-Qaeda is NOT Islamic
their Radical Muslim fundamentalism is not intrinsic to Islam or ME
Islamic law forbids terror
al-Qaeda is NOT a mass movement
mistakenly seen as so

Suleyman Demirel

Pres., representing the True Path Party
2 center-right parties coalition
1965-1971: Turkish PM, representing the Justice Party
Economy went up
Recession came later
Increase in left-right violence led to 2nd military coup
he was PM again in 1975
friend of NATO

Bulent Ecevit

served as PM several times
Republican People's Party (RPP) leader of the left-of-centre group in 1973
invaded Cyprus in 1974
distrusted Europe and NATO
economic and social difficulties led to the fall of his gov. in Oct., 1979
created the 1999 Democratic Left Party
pledged to curb the growing influence of Islam in Turkish politics
country opposed his abolition of the death penalty, and increase in rights towards Kurds

these were meant to ease Turkey's admittance to the European Union

General Kenan Evren

chief of the National Security Council (body thru which the military is governed)
head of the turkish state after the 1980 military coup
Evren is infamous for hiring hit men to murder many political opponents of the military coup
Evren officially became Pres. of Turkey after enacting a new constitution in 1982, but only for a year (he is deseated by Turgut Ozal)
Under Evren, Turkish citizens lost many of their civil liberties and political freedoms

Turgut Ozal

founder and head of the conservative Motherland Party
Ozal became PM of Turkey in 1983 after Motherland parliamentary victory
Ozal showed very pro-Western, pro-American policies
Especially w/ regards to privatizing state industries and supporting American military intervention in Iraq during the Gulf War
was a World Bank and former Islamist...

Motherland Party

founded by Ozal
is a center-right nationalist party of Turkey that held a majority in parliament during the 1980s
shifted Turkish economy to a privatized model
during the '80s, large middle and business classes grew
concurrently, the gap b/t the poor and the rich widened

Tanser Ciller

prominent economist and Turkey's 1st and only female PM from the conservative True Path Party
major accomplishments in office included signing of the EU-Turkey Customs Union agreement, modernizing the army, and convincing the US and EU to list PKK as an international terrorist group
she was removed from office in 1997 and was implicated as being involved in the Susurluk scandal (connections b/t gov., army, and mafia)

Welfare Party (a.k.a. Refah Party)

founded in 1990 by Necmettin Erbakan
explicit Islamic party (which went against secular Turkish ideals)
won 21% of the vote in 1995 and became largest party in Turkey's parliament w/ Erbakan elected as PM in 1996
Welfare forced out of gov. by military who resented their Islamic agenda
in 1998, Welfare was banned from politics for violating the principle of secularism in the constitution

Necmattin Erbakan

leader and founder of the Welfare Party/Refah Party
1st Islamist PM of Turkey (1996-7)
has been a prominent political figure in the country since the 1970s, leading a # of Islamic parties that have gained popularity
all these parties eventually get banned by secularists in the gov. and military
his political views stress social justice and morals, and his foreign policy promotes alliances w/ Muslim countries, and a struggle against Zionism
Kicked out of PMship in post-modern coup of 1997

Abdullah Ocalan

prominent Kurdish figure who founded the PKK in 1978
main goal is to fight Turkey for an indpendent Kurdish State
sparked an extremely violent conflict against Turks and even moderate Kurds in 1984
after later capture by the Turkish gov. and incarceration in 1999, he has changed his ideology and begun promoting peaceful negotations b/t Kurds & Turks

Worker's Party of Kurdistan (PKK)

military org. founded in 1978 by Abullah Ocalan
its ideology is Marxist, and more importantly, Kurdish nationalist, w/ a goal of establishing an independent Kurdish state in geograpical Kurdistan (includes sections of many Arab countries)
PKK also demands civil liberties for the Kurds in Turkey
has been engaged in a violent conflict w/ Turkish gov. since the late '70s and early '80s
listed by many countries as a terrorist org.
big resurgence since Iraq War

Virtue Party

another Islamic political party in Turkey that was created after the banning of the Welfare (Refah) Party
Led by Kutan (but in actuality, Erbakan led behind the scenes; he was banned from politics for threatening secularism)
the party promoted increased democracy
Virtue Party was banned in 2001 under accusations of pursuing an Islamic agenda
Merve Kavakci, the female elected MP who was banned from swearing her oath in Parliament b/c she wore a hijab, was a Virtue Party member

Justice and Development Party (AKP)

current most incumbent political party in Turkey