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Final Exam Review
History 443 with Cole at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
About this deck
By: Firas Shalabi
Textbook:
A History of Modern Iran
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents
Turkey: The Quest for Identity
Created: 2009-04-27
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 81
Textbook:
A History of Modern Iran
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents
Turkey: The Quest for IdentityCreated: 2009-04-27
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 81
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
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Wahhabism
a conservative form of Sunni Islam attributed to Muhammad ibn
Abd-al-Wahhab, an 18th century scholar from what is today known as Saudi Arabia, who
advocated a return to the practices of the first three generations of Islamic history.
Abd-al-Wahhab, an 18th century scholar from what is today known as Saudi Arabia, who
advocated a return to the practices of the first three generations of Islamic history.
King Khalid
- Became king of Saudi Arabia after King Faisal's assassination in 1975.
- Ruled 'til his own death in 1982.
- King Khalid followed King Faisal's mission statement to issue law based on the Quran.
- He also believed that righteous behavior is the key to political and military strength.
King Fahd
- Fahd was King when the Saudis intervene in Lebanon
- Sent an envoy to Lebanon in the 1980s
- Fahd was viewed as the de facto PM during King Khalid's reign
- King Fahd had a strict Islamic policy, but lived a life of great luxury
Al-Azhar
- University in Egypt, founded in 975
- Chief center of Arabic lit. and Sunni Islamic learning in the world
- Has been an important lobbying institution for the powerless Egyptian masses vis-a-vis their despotic rulers
Shari'a
- the body of Islamic religious law
- the legal framework w/in which the public and private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on fiqh
- deals w/ many aspects of day-to-day life, including politics, economics, banking, business, contracts, family, sexuality, hygiene, and social issues
- The Muslim Brotherhood wanted Egypt to base their law off of this
Sufism
- Perpetual quest for 'unity w/ God'
- seeks human salvation and eternal peace & harmony thru minimum involvement in societal affairs
- they are mostly loosely organized fraternities around mystical leaders
Hassan al-Banna
- Contemporary 'Isamic activism' in Egypt has its roots int he Muslim Brotherhood, which was established by Hassan al-Banna in 1928
Muslim Brotherhood
- They strive to bring about the Islamic order to restore a 'paradise lost'
- they use both peaceful and violent means to spread their message
- they've managed to politicize Islam more than any other indigenous popular movement in Egypt's history
- in it's most violent stage, the Brotherhood was involved in assassinations of political opponents
- they didn't recover from their attempt to take Nasser's life in 1954 until 1967 after Nasser's defeat
- they discarded violence thereafter
- broke up into 4 groups: apolitical MB, mainstream MB, anti-regime MB, and anti-society MB
Sayyid Qutb
- intellectual roots of this anti-society tendency are found primarily in the writings of Sayyid Qutb
- He was a Brotherhood veteran who was executed by the Nasser regime in 1965
- In his famous book, Maalemfi al-Tarik (Landmarks on the Road), Qutb declared the entire Egyptian Society as a jahiliyya society.
- His arguments have compelled thousands of Muslim youngsters in Egypt & elsewhere...
Jahiliyya
- the anti-society MB broke away from the Brotherhood in the '70s
- initiatied by Shukri Mustafa
- deplored the corrupt, decadent, and sinful nature of Egyptian society
- believed that moral change was required
- its strategy was one of patience and its goals, long-term
- called for building a 'community of believers' who would act out 'the true life of Islam'
- Shukri Mustafa and his followers cite the example of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), who fled to Medina w/ a few followers after being harrassed by the jahiliyya ppl of Mecca, and established in Medina the first true Muslim Community
Tanzim al-Jihad al-Islami (Islamic Jihad Organization)
- This anti-regime tendency has been embodied in the Islamic Liberation Organization and the Jihad Organization
- The Jihad group was by far the bloodiest and most deadly in its confrontations w/ the state
- Despite the preventive arrest of hundreds of its members by the state in Sep. 1981, the group still had organizational sufficiency to carry out the assassination plot that took the life of President Sadat on Oct. 6 1981
Al-Gama'a Al-Islamiyaa (Islamic Grouping)
- an Egyptian Islamist movement, considered a terrorist org.
- wants to replace Egyptian Gov. w/ an Islamic state
- Assassination attempt against Pres. Hosni Mubarak in 1995 in Ethiopia
- In its early days, the group was primarily active on university campuses, and was mainly composed of university students, along w/ some inmates of Egyptian jails
- However, its membership has since become poorer, younger, and less educated, as its base of recruitment has moved from universities to poor neighborhoods
- the cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman is the spiritual leader of the movement
- Convicted and sentenced to life in prison for participating in the World Trade Center bombings conspiracy in 1993
- Deputy leader of Al-Qaeda Ayman Al-Zawahiri announced a new alliance w/ Gama'a al Islamiyya, in a vid released on the internet on Aug. 5 2006
Hosni Mubarak
- 4th, and current, Pres. of the Arab Republic of Egypt
- appointed VP in 1975, took Presidency Oct 14, 1981, following the assassination of Anwar el-Sadat
- Sadat's peace treaty w/ Israel led to their suspension of membership in the Arab League, but Egypt regained this 9 yrs after Sadat's assassination under Mubarak
- after assassination attempt on Mubarak in 1995 by Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, 20,000 ppl were placed in detention by 1999
- unemployment still a major issue, and Mubarak criticized for favoring big business and privatization
- Mubarak made political parties based on religious ideology illegal in order to stifle the Muslim Brotherhood
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
- 1979-1989
- conflict involving Soviet Union forces supporting the Marxist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) gov. against the muhahideen resistance
- latter group found support from variety of sources, including US
- (contect of the Cold War)
- Russian military involvement in Afghanistan has a long history
- Russia viewed the signing of the US-backed peace agreement b/t Israel and Egypt as a major advantage for the US, and a military pact as well as a peace treaty
- PDPA imposed Soviet program of reforms that was ill-received by population deeply immersed in tradition & Islam
- Pakistanis asked US to aid the mujahidin in Afghanistan in 1981
- US aided resistance groups in July 1979, taking a "protective" role in Afghanistan for the first time
- did it b/c of oil
- and b/c of 'Communist threat'
- in 1987, US gave $700 million for military resistance
- US allied w/ PAK & Saudi Arabia
- Saudis funded mujahadin, gained importance in the region, converted refugees to Wahabbism in camps
- Osama bin Laden joined the resistance in Afghanistan, due to US ties & money
- gained power
- consequences of aiding the muhahadin in Afghanistan: spread of terrorist attacks beyond Afganistan
- In 1989, Soviets left Afghanistan
- US continued to fund mujahadin to overthrow local communist regime
- Afghanistan was in a state of anarchy
- US supported the rise of the Taliban
Mujahidin (cont'd from Soviet invasion of Afghanistan)
- After the Soviet Union pulled out of the conflict in the late 1980s, the mujahadin fought each other in the subsequent Afghan Civil War
Taliban
- a Sunni Islamist, predominately Pashtun, fundamentalist religious and political movement that governed Afghanistan from 1996-2001, when its leaders were removed by NATO
- regrouped since 2004, and revived as a strong insurgency movement, fighting a guerilla war against the current gov. of Afghanistan
- The Taliban implemented one of the strictest interpretation of Shari'a law ever seen in the Muslim world
- widely criticized for treatment of women
- Led by Mullah Mohammad Omar
Osama bin Laden
- joined the resistance in Afghanistan due to US ties and money
- gained power and money
- article by Snyde: not simply a terrorist, but a "civilizational revolutionary"
- b/c he sought to change a region
- anti-American b/c of their unconditional support of Israel and their spread of secularism
- failed after 9/11 b/c he didn't get complete Muslim sympathy
- misjudged degree to which Arabs in ME cared about Afghanistan
Al-Qaeda
- having run out of money in Feb. 1998, Zawahiri and Egyptian Islamic Jihad (who had killed Sadat) sought an alliance w/ ObL
- they created International Islamic Front against Jews and Crusaders (al-Qaeda)
- their attempts to overthrow Near Enemies had failed (ex. Egypt) b/c the West supported these gov.'s
- Al-Qaeda then decides to hit US (Far Enemy)
- instance of a blow back - US previously helped them train w/ guerilla tactcs, and the came and attacked US later
- 9/11 planned at al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan
- US destroyed these in Afghanistan War
- the challenge of al-Qaeda is that they're a small non-state org., w/ lots of networks, and are hard to find/trace
- al-Qaeda is NOT Islamic
- their Radical Muslim fundamentalism is not intrinsic to Islam or ME
- Islamic law forbids terror
- al-Qaeda is NOT a mass movement
- mistakenly seen as so
Suleyman Demirel
- Pres., representing the True Path Party
- 2 center-right parties coalition
- 1965-1971: Turkish PM, representing the Justice Party
- Economy went up
- Recession came later
- Increase in left-right violence led to 2nd military coup
- he was PM again in 1975
- friend of NATO
Bulent Ecevit
- served as PM several times
- Republican People's Party (RPP) leader of the left-of-centre group in 1973
- invaded Cyprus in 1974
- distrusted Europe and NATO
- economic and social difficulties led to the fall of his gov. in Oct., 1979
- created the 1999 Democratic Left Party
- pledged to curb the growing influence of Islam in Turkish politics
- country opposed his abolition of the death penalty, and increase in rights towards Kurds
- these were meant to ease Turkey's admittance to the European Union
General Kenan Evren
- chief of the National Security Council (body thru which the military is governed)
- head of the turkish state after the 1980 military coup
- Evren is infamous for hiring hit men to murder many political opponents of the military coup
- Evren officially became Pres. of Turkey after enacting a new constitution in 1982, but only for a year (he is deseated by Turgut Ozal)
- Under Evren, Turkish citizens lost many of their civil liberties and political freedoms
Turgut Ozal
- founder and head of the conservative Motherland Party
- Ozal became PM of Turkey in 1983 after Motherland parliamentary victory
- Ozal showed very pro-Western, pro-American policies
- Especially w/ regards to privatizing state industries and supporting American military intervention in Iraq during the Gulf War
- was a World Bank and former Islamist...
Motherland Party
- founded by Ozal
- is a center-right nationalist party of Turkey that held a majority in parliament during the 1980s
- shifted Turkish economy to a privatized model
- during the '80s, large middle and business classes grew
- concurrently, the gap b/t the poor and the rich widened
Tanser Ciller
- prominent economist and Turkey's 1st and only female PM from the conservative True Path Party
- major accomplishments in office included signing of the EU-Turkey Customs Union agreement, modernizing the army, and convincing the US and EU to list PKK as an international terrorist group
- she was removed from office in 1997 and was implicated as being involved in the Susurluk scandal (connections b/t gov., army, and mafia)
Welfare Party (a.k.a. Refah Party)
- founded in 1990 by Necmettin Erbakan
- explicit Islamic party (which went against secular Turkish ideals)
- won 21% of the vote in 1995 and became largest party in Turkey's parliament w/ Erbakan elected as PM in 1996
- Welfare forced out of gov. by military who resented their Islamic agenda
- in 1998, Welfare was banned from politics for violating the principle of secularism in the constitution
Necmattin Erbakan
- leader and founder of the Welfare Party/Refah Party
- 1st Islamist PM of Turkey (1996-7)
- has been a prominent political figure in the country since the 1970s, leading a # of Islamic parties that have gained popularity
- all these parties eventually get banned by secularists in the gov. and military
- his political views stress social justice and morals, and his foreign policy promotes alliances w/ Muslim countries, and a struggle against Zionism
- Kicked out of PMship in post-modern coup of 1997
Abdullah Ocalan
- prominent Kurdish figure who founded the PKK in 1978
- main goal is to fight Turkey for an indpendent Kurdish State
- sparked an extremely violent conflict against Turks and even moderate Kurds in 1984
- after later capture by the Turkish gov. and incarceration in 1999, he has changed his ideology and begun promoting peaceful negotations b/t Kurds & Turks
Worker's Party of Kurdistan (PKK)
- military org. founded in 1978 by Abullah Ocalan
- its ideology is Marxist, and more importantly, Kurdish nationalist, w/ a goal of establishing an independent Kurdish state in geograpical Kurdistan (includes sections of many Arab countries)
- PKK also demands civil liberties for the Kurds in Turkey
- has been engaged in a violent conflict w/ Turkish gov. since the late '70s and early '80s
- listed by many countries as a terrorist org.
- big resurgence since Iraq War
Virtue Party
- another Islamic political party in Turkey that was created after the banning of the Welfare (Refah) Party
- Led by Kutan (but in actuality, Erbakan led behind the scenes; he was banned from politics for threatening secularism)
- the party promoted increased democracy
- Virtue Party was banned in 2001 under accusations of pursuing an Islamic agenda
- Merve Kavakci, the female elected MP who was banned from swearing her oath in Parliament b/c she wore a hijab, was a Virtue Party member
Justice and Development Party (AKP)
- current most incumbent political party in Turkey
About this deck
By: Firas Shalabi
Textbook:
A History of Modern Iran
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents
Turkey: The Quest for Identity
Created: 2009-04-27
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 81
Textbook:
A History of Modern Iran
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents
Turkey: The Quest for IdentityCreated: 2009-04-27
Size: 30 flashcards
Views: 81
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy