Final Exam -- Turner
Social And Cultural Sciences 205 with Hysom at Texas A&M University
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bourgeoisie
in Karl Marx's analysis, those who own and control the means of production in capitalist societies
Capital
Pierre Bourdieu's term for the kinds of resources that individuals have in varying social classes and factions within classes
caste system
stratification system with clearly marked class divisions, in which people are born and have little chance for mobility to a different class.
Charismatic Leader
Max Weber's term for those who, by virtue of their personal qualities, can mobilize subordinates in a system of inequality to engage in conflict with superordinates
Classes
for Max Weber, those who share a common set of life chances and opportunities in markets; for Karl Marx, the divisions in a society reflecting ownership of the means of production; for more general analysis, the differences among subpopulations by virtue of their respective share of valued resources
class faction
existence within each social class of a dominant, intermediate, and dominated sector or faction. members of similar factions in different social classes often have more in common with each other than with members of their own class
conflict of interest
karl marx's term for the basic tension and incompatibility of goals between those who control resources and those who do not.
cultural capital
amount of education, knowledge, taste, skills, manners, and linguistic styles possessed by individuals
economic capital
amount of money from productive and economic activities that individuals possess
income distribution
percentage of total income held by different percentages of the population, usually calculated in terms of income fifths
open-class system
stratification system with less clearly demarcated classes and with opportunities for mobility from class to class
parties
for Max Weber, the organization of power as a distinct basis for inequality and stratification of individuals who bear varying affiliations, and access to organizations holding or seeking power
proletariat
Karl Marx's term for those who do not own the means of production in capitalist society and who must, therefore, work for those who do
social capital
nature and extensiveness of networks and social relations possessed by individuals
status groups
Max Weber's term for subsets of individuals who share similar lifestyles; who form ties because of shared culture, tastes, and outlooks; and who, by virtue of these, can command a certain honor and prestige
stratification
structures revolving around:
a) the unequal distribution of valued resources to the members of a society
b) the distinctive categories thereby created by virtue of the shares of resources held by different subpopulations in a society
symbolic capital
symbols or ideologies that individuals can mobilize to legitimate their possession on economic, social, and cultural capital
wealth distribution
percentage of total wealth held by different percentages of the population, usually calculated in terms of wealth fifths
discrimination
differential treatment of others, especially those of an ethnic group or a gender category, so that they receive less valued resources
ethnic stratification
situation where members of particular ethnic groups are disproportionately over- and under-represented in particular social classes
ethnicity
those behavioral, cultural, and organizational characteristics that distinguish subpopulations in a society
genocide
systematic killing of larger numbers of members of an ethnic subpopulation
genocide
systematic killing of a larger numbers of members of an ethnic subpopulation
institutionalized discrimination
patterns of systematic discrimination against an ethnic subpopulation that are legitimated by cultural symbols, that are carried out informally and formally, and that are built into the structures of a society
prejudice
beliefs about the undesirable qualities of others, especially those in an ethnic group
race
perceived biological distinctiveness for categories of individuals
gender/gender differentiation
process of culturally defining the appropriate positions, roles, and demeanor for men and women
gender stratification
situation where the positions typically occupied by men and women habitually receive different levels of valued resources
sex/sexual differentiation
biological differences between men and women
stratification
structures revolving around the unequal distribution of valued resources to the members of a society, leading to the creation or accentuation of distinctive categories whose members share similar kinds and levels or resources
credential inflation
process whereby educational credentials are sought by more and more individuals, with the result that they become less valuable on the labor market, thereby forcing students to acquire more credentials
home schooling
social movement in which parents are increasingly teaching their children at home under guidelines set by state boards of education
multiple-track system
placement of students in different secondary schools depending upon their performance on standardized tests and grades in primary schools
single-track, with multiple-lane system
placement of students in different lanes or tracks within the same secondary school depending upon their performance on standardized tests and grades
school vouchers
proposal to allocate to each parent state monies for them to shop around and choose the public or private school that they think is best for their children
year-round schooling
increasing utilization of school facilities all year long, thereby eliminating the traditional summer vacation
avunculocal rule
residence rule specifying that a married couple and their children are to live with the male's mother's brother (or uncle on his mother's side)
bilateral descent
rule of descent specifying that the male's and female's side of the family and kin network will be given equal importance
clan
kinship structure created when lineages are linked together by a descent rule
descent rules
norms specifying whether the male's or female's side of the family and kin network are more important in terms of property and authority
endogamy
rule specifying that individuals must marry within another kin group or community
exogamy
rule specifying that individuals must marry outside a kin group or community
extended family unit
kinship unit created when several nuclear units are joined in one household
incest rules
norms prohibiting sex and marriage among parents and offspring, and at times other closely related kin
institution of kinship
organization of marriage and blood ties among members of a society in structure that, from a sociobiological perspective, allow adults to increase their genetic fitness and that, from a functionalist perspective, have consequences for regularizing sex and mating, providing for biological and social support, socializing the young, and placing the young into adult positions.
lineage
kinship structure created when several family units are linked together by descent and residence rules
marriage rules
norms specifying who can marry whom in a society, and when
matrilineal descent
rule of descent specifying that the woman's side of the family and kin network (esp. her male relatives) are to be the most important terms of property and authority
matrilocal rule
kinship norm specifying that a married couple and their children are to live with the female's family and kin
moiety
kinship unit created when clans are linked together, dividing a society in half into two kinship units
neolocal rule
residence rule indicating that a married couple and their children have autonomy in deciding for themselves where to live
nuclear family unit
family unit created by the married couple and their offspring
patriarchy
situation where males control resources and dominate women in family relations and, more broadly, in relations outside the family as well
patrilineal descent
rule of descent specifying that the male's side of the family and kin network are to be the most important in terms of property and authority
patrilocal rule
kinship norm specifying that a married couple and their children are to live with the male's family and kin
polyandry
marriage rule allowing females to have more than one household
polygamy
marriage rules allowing for an individual to have more than one spouse
polygyny
marriage rule allowing males to have more than one wife
residence rules
norms specifying where married couples are to live and reside
romantic love complex
set of beliefs emphasizing mutual attraction and compatibility as the basis for selecting marriage partners
About this deck
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy