final exam
Sociology 1251 with Ray at University of Connecticut
About this deck
By: Emily Clancy
Textbook:
Social Problems (11th Edition) (Text Only)
Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 61 flashcards
Views: 89
Textbook:
Social Problems (11th Edition) (Text Only)Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 61 flashcards
Views: 89
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racial stratification
a system of inequality in which race is the major criterion for rank/rewards
racial and ethnic minorities
- minority group- dominated by more powerful
- races are socially defined- changing nature of categories
- ethnic groups are distinguished by national origin, language, religion, and culture
what is race?
there is no biological evidence to demonstrate differences among races (race is not universal)
dichotomy
US racial classification based on black-white
differences among racial groups: African Americans
- migration to North- new forms poverty and other social problems
- 2007- 13.4% of population
differences among racial groups:: Latinos
- largest minority group
- 14.8% of population
differences among racial groups: Asian Americans
- 4.9% of population
- Diverse population
- Chinese
- Filipinos
- Japanese
differences among racial groups: Native Americans
- 1.5% of population
- rank at bottom of most indicators
deficiency theories: biological
- inferiority of some racial groups is genetic flaw
deficiency theories: cultural
- life-style of minority groups is flawed and is responsible for group's inferiority status
bias theories
blame the prejudice of majority members for the secondary status of minorities
disadvantages of bias theories
- ignores structural foundation of racism and focuses on individuals
structural discrimination theories
- focus on the institutionalized as the sources of the secondary status of minorities
unequal treatment of blacks and latinos
- income
- education
- unemployment
- type of employment
- health
contemporary trends
- growing racial strife
- more racially based groups/activities
- social and economic isolation is US inner cities
gender stratification
- the ranking of the sexes in such a way that women are unequal in power, resources and opportunities
intersectional approach
- race, class, gender
- when we think of differences between men/women
- ex: rich woman vs poor woman
biological basis for gender roles
- males/females different from moment of conception
- influenced by other factors
- not constant across time and place
social basis for gender roles
- society transforms males/females into socially interacting women and men
- problems with the binary model (more than two genders)
- compulsory heterosexuality (who is a man and women in relationships)
gender role approach
- problem: socialization of gender
- born, taught, role --> inequality
- children at home (starts)
- formal education
- curriculum, textbooks, teacher-student interactions, sports, female role models, counseling
gender structure approach
- external social structure
- ex: jobs that are supposed to be "abstract" require that you possess aspects that are stereotypically male
- capitalism
- gender role approach plus...
- language (terms used for women don't have equal for men)
- interpersonal behavior, mass communications media, religion, the law, politics
occupational distribution
- dramatic increase in participation of women in labor force
- typical female worker has job with poor pay (less than males), little control over her work, little advancement opportunity
the earnings gap
- in 2006, women earned 80 cents for every $1 for males
- intersection of race and gender in the workplace
- women from what race actually held these jobs?
- pay equity
- more women than men in higher education (60% vs 40%)
costs and consequences of sexism
- who benefits?
capitalists make more money by paying women less than men
fighting the system
- feminist movements in US
- women's struggles in the 21st century
- whenever sociologists do research, they try to account for intersection of race, class, gender, etc
social deviance
- socially constructed (differs for everyone)
- violations of social norms
- relative (subjective)
- role of power
- poor steals = criminal
- rich steals = psychotic disorder
- stigma (labeling)
- how society labels you could lead to more deviant activities
sexual preference
implies a sense of choice
sexual orientation
implies a deterministic view
roots of homosexuality
- Does homosexuality have genetic or social origins?
- growing scientific literature provides evidence for biological basis
numbers on homosexuality
- unknown because many never reveal their sexual orientation
- late 40s - 50s: placed the number at 10% of men
discrimination against homosexuality
variance from the social norm of heterosexuality is not a social problem, but the societal response is
3 types of oppression
- idealogical
- legal
- occupational
idealogical oppression
- homophobia
- when people believe gays are immoral
- belittle their lifestyle
- tell jokes
- deny housing, jobs, memberships
- hostile/violent acts
- 1973 - the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder
legal oppression
- Sodomy laws
- prohibit anal/oral sex between consenting adults
- 23 states have sodomy laws
- sodomy laws are used to harass gay men
- 2003- what consenting adults do in their home is their choice
military
- discriminates against homosexuals
- 1982-1992 - 14,000 people dishonorably discharged
- 1993 - President Clinton instituted "Don't Ask Don't Tell" policy
family rights
- only few states allow same-sex marriages
- in 2000, Vermont instituted civil unions for same-sex couples
- some countries and cities recognized "legal domestic partners" allowing same-sex couple to receive limited spousal benefits
police action
- variety of techniques to harass homosexuals
- inattentive to hate-motivated violence
- homosexuals are most frequent victims of hate-motivated violence
occupational discrimination
- government does not provide gay employment discrimination statistics
- many homosexuals ear disclosure of sexual orientation may cost them their jobs
- discrimination against homosexuals in work place is common
fighting the system: coping strategies
- secret gays- homosexuals who conceal their sexual orientation
- gay activists - homosexuals who openly identify themselves as such
definition of crime
- no consensual definition
- could be violating of norms, laws, anything that disrupts social order, etc
- or not, ex: entering bar with fake ID
crime in society
- breaking of the law
- groups and individuals differ in definition of crime
- the social and political nature of crime (class bias)
- why a law is a law, who has the power to enact it
- the making of law
- manifestation of group conflicts
violence
violence is defined as an act of force perceived by the powerful as threatening the status quo
crime rates
- uniform crime reports
problems with crime reports
- focus on traditional crimes
- omit white collar crimes, organized crimes, and political crimes
- underreport extent of crime (who is caught and jailed)
- data collection inaccuracies
other modes of reporting crimes
- self report
- most commonly reported crime - drug use on campus
- through it, you get to know characteristics of criminals in a demographic area
- victimization survey
- adv: a step of recovery
- disadv: certain crimes cannot be reported, ex: murders
official crime rates (declined since 1990)
- general economic prosperity
- demographic changes
- declining crack epidemic
- incarceration boom
- greater efforts to reduce crime at local levels
- concerted crackdown on guns
demographic characteristics
- of people arrested for crime
- sex
- higher rates of males arrested vs women
- women twice as likely to be arrested for property crimes
- men are more likely victims of violent crimes
- rate of imprisonment growing faster for women than men
why higher rate of imprisonment for women?
- as soon as women become more independent crime rate goes up
- but crime rate actually stayed the same
- the way the justice system perceives women has changed over time
rate of women prison guards increased as number of women arrest increased to supposedly create a more feminized environment
age (crime)
- peak arrest for violent crimes occurs between age 16 and 19
- why?
- more hormones, more agressive, more cops - ex: on college campus
demographic characteristics of people arrested for crime: social class
those arrested are mostly the poor, the undereducated, unemployed
demographic characteristics of people arrested for crime: race
- blacks are 12% of US population, but make up 38% of arrests for violent crimes and 31% of property crimes
- intersection between race and class
- discrimination, classism, racism -- rich vs poor
categories of crime: traditional street crimes
- property and violent crimes
- burglary, larceny, auto theft, robbery, rape, assault, and murder
categories of crime: crimes against the moral order
- victimless crimes
- gambling, recreational drug use (50% of people in prison are there for it)
- detection, arrest, and prosecution
organized crime
- business operation seeking profit by supplying illegal goods/services
white collar
- embezzlement, etc
- ONE person commits the crime
corporate crime
- business enterprises
- unlike white collar crime where one person commits a crime, the entire corporation commits the crime
political crime
illegal acts intended to influence the political system
unjust system of justice
laws, police, judicial progress
consequences of a biased system
- African Ams are three times more likely than whites to be arrested
- minority youths are treated significantly worse than whites
- federal prison sentence are almost 50% longer for African Ams than whites
correctional system
- 23% of world's inmates are in US
- disproportionate number of inmates are racial and ethnic minorities
- biased against the poor and powerless
unjust imposition of the label "criminal"
- the poor and racial minorities are disadvantaged at every single stage of criminal process
- consequence of deviant label for the powerless
- consequences of being imprisoned
- being labeled, being around other inmates
About this deck
By: Emily Clancy
Textbook: Social Problems (11th Edition) (Text Only)
Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 61 flashcards
Views: 89
Textbook:
Social Problems (11th Edition) (Text Only)Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 61 flashcards
Views: 89
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy