Final Exam
Anthropology 1006 with Bellantoni at University of Connecticut
About this deck
By: Kalena Milluzzo
Textbook: Introducing Anthropology: An Integrated Approach
Created: 2010-12-14
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 126
Textbook: Introducing Anthropology: An Integrated Approach
Created: 2010-12-14
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 126
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Economic Systems
Production
Distribution
Consumption
Distribution
Consumption
Production
How goods are brought in
Distribution
How good are given out
Consumption
How goods are used
Economics
Study of these systems
Economic Prodution
Foraging
Horticulture
Pastoralism
Agriculture
Industrialism
Horticulture
Pastoralism
Agriculture
Industrialism
Foraging Economics
Hunting and gathering
Small groups (40-60)
Requires freedom of movement
Division of Labor: Men tend to hunt, women gather
Egalitarian
Decision making is by consensus
Small groups (40-60)
Requires freedom of movement
Division of Labor: Men tend to hunt, women gather
Egalitarian
Decision making is by consensus
Pastoralism Ecomonics
Livelihood gained from care of domestic animals: also use by-products of animals
Limited crop growing
Equal access to pastures
Concept of private ownership: Mainly in animals
Somewhat larger populations (100)
Division of labor: Men take care of animals which gains social status
Limited crop growing
Equal access to pastures
Concept of private ownership: Mainly in animals
Somewhat larger populations (100)
Division of labor: Men take care of animals which gains social status
Horticulture Economics
People plant seeds, roots and tubers
Certain groups own land: Passes down through kin
Kin based social systems
Division of Labor: women tend fields, males hunt
Women tend to have more prestige
Populations in 100s
Have nominal leaders
Certain groups own land: Passes down through kin
Kin based social systems
Division of Labor: women tend fields, males hunt
Women tend to have more prestige
Populations in 100s
Have nominal leaders
Swidden Agriculture
Slash and burn technique
Shifting Agriculture
Moving to other areas
Agriculture Economics
Domesticated animals, irrigation systems, plows
Sedentary Agriculture: Land privately owned
Populations in the 1000s
Have state systems: Centralized authority
Division of labor: Men farmer, women domestic
Ranked Societies
Money economy
Sedentary Agriculture: Land privately owned
Populations in the 1000s
Have state systems: Centralized authority
Division of labor: Men farmer, women domestic
Ranked Societies
Money economy
Industrialism Economics
Subsistence goods through intensive use of fuel powered machinery
Mobile Societies
Division of Labor: No longer by sex or age
Lack of personal involvement with products
Class based social systems
Mobile Societies
Division of Labor: No longer by sex or age
Lack of personal involvement with products
Class based social systems
Distribution
Reciprocity (Generalized, Balanced, Ngative)
Redistribution
Consumption
Redistribution
Consumption
Reciprocity
Systemic sharing of food or gifts
Near constant give and take among individuals
Near constant give and take among individuals
General Reciprocity
Informal gift giving
Happens between friends and relatives
No returns expected
May expect non-material things like loyalty
Happens between friends and relatives
No returns expected
May expect non-material things like loyalty
Balanced Reciprocity
Carries obligation of a roughly equal return
Happens between distant friends of equal social status
Happens between distant friends of equal social status
Negative Reciprocity
To get somthign fornothing or as little as possible
Each side trying to get the better of the bargain
Happens between enemies or strangers
Each side trying to get the better of the bargain
Happens between enemies or strangers
Redistribution
Process by which good and services flow through a centralized authority
Sorted, counted, and reallocated
Market exchange
Sorted, counted, and reallocated
Market exchange
Consumption
Use of food and goods for substance or social status
Power
Ability to exercise one's will over others
Authority
Socially approved use of power
Used to regulate behavior
Used to regulate behavior
Bands
Small groups of people
Usually nuclear families
Foraging economies
politically autonomous
Exogamous marriages, extends kinship and trade
No formal leaders- have headman
Consensus judgment (use gossip, ridicule and avoidance to regulate behavior)
Conflicts resolved informally
Usually nuclear families
Foraging economies
politically autonomous
Exogamous marriages, extends kinship and trade
No formal leaders- have headman
Consensus judgment (use gossip, ridicule and avoidance to regulate behavior)
Conflicts resolved informally
Tribes
Shifting horticulturalists and pastoralists
kin-based social systems
Linked by reciprocity and re-distributions
Populations in the 100s
No formal government
Informal means based on public sentiment
War is grounded in material or ecological conditions
kin-based social systems
Linked by reciprocity and re-distributions
Populations in the 100s
No formal government
Informal means based on public sentiment
War is grounded in material or ecological conditions
Chiefdoms
May or may not be associated with agriculture
populations in the 1000s
more sedentary
ranked societies
Centralized leadership (chief)
Chief has authority to make judgments (his word is law)
No hierarchy of authority
Systemic warfare
populations in the 1000s
more sedentary
ranked societies
Centralized leadership (chief)
Chief has authority to make judgments (his word is law)
No hierarchy of authority
Systemic warfare
States
Hierarchical
Populations= millions
Authority is spread out
Based on formal codified laws
Class based social systems
Social control maintained through government
Populations= millions
Authority is spread out
Based on formal codified laws
Class based social systems
Social control maintained through government
Functions of the family
Provides socially acceptable sexual relationships between mena dn women
Provides basic education and care of offspring
Establishes social identity for the individual
Provides a fundamental economic unit
Provides basic education and care of offspring
Establishes social identity for the individual
Provides a fundamental economic unit
Household
One or more persons who live together in the same dwelling and cooperate in a variety of domestic affairs
Family Types
Nuclear
Polygamous or Plural Family
Extended family
Polygamous or Plural Family
Extended family
Nuclear Family
Monogamous
High Mobile (foragers, industrialists)
Need an outside support system (Daycare)
Neolocal residence pattern
"Love" important
High Mobile (foragers, industrialists)
Need an outside support system (Daycare)
Neolocal residence pattern
"Love" important
Polygamous family
One person married to more than one spouse
Polygynous Family
Falls in with polygamous or plural families
One man married to several women
Done for prestige
One man married to several women
Done for prestige
Polyandrous family
Falls in with polygamous or plural families
One woman married to several men
One woman married to several men
Extended Family
Created when the bride and groom move in with the bride's or groom's family and dwells in the same household
Roles and chores to more people; no super mom
"Love" is a minor concern
Household is an economic unit
Roles and chores to more people; no super mom
"Love" is a minor concern
Household is an economic unit
Patrilocal
Form of an extended household
Couple moves in with the groom's family
Happens with Pastoralists and agriculturalists
Inheritance in male line
Couple moves in with the groom's family
Happens with Pastoralists and agriculturalists
Inheritance in male line
Martilocal
Living with the bride's family
Happens with horticulturalists
Happens with horticulturalists
Amibilocal
Couple spends time in the household of either set of parents and later moves in with the other
Changes on a regular basis
Happens in foraging communities
Changes on a regular basis
Happens in foraging communities
Exogamy
To marry outside the group (kin, or class)
In low population densities, like foragers, must travel far distances to find mates
In low population densities, like foragers, must travel far distances to find mates
Endogamy
To marry inside the group
Like in India: caste groups
Like in India: caste groups
Bridewealth
Also known as bride price
Husband's group compensates the family of the bride
Gives groom right to marry bride and to their children
Patrilocal residence patterns
Husband's group compensates the family of the bride
Gives groom right to marry bride and to their children
Patrilocal residence patterns
Dowry
Woman's inheritance
Take into the marriage
Family wealth is held in common
Neolocal residence pattern
Take into the marriage
Family wealth is held in common
Neolocal residence pattern
Bride Service
Requires the groom to work for the bride's family
Varies in duration
May substitute for bride-wealth
Foragers-bands
Varies in duration
May substitute for bride-wealth
Foragers-bands
Cross cousin Marriage
The child of an opposite sex sibiling to your parent
Mother's brother's child
Father's sister's child
Mother's brother's child
Father's sister's child
Kinship functions
Regulates access to property
Ceremonial functions
Regulates labor
Regulates access to leadership
Ceremonial functions
Regulates labor
Regulates access to leadership
Decent Group
A kind of kinship group in whihc memebership requires being a direct lineal descendant of a real or mythical ancestor
Unilineal Descent
Descent through male or female line
Bilateral Descent
Descent through both male and female line
Parallel Cousins
Same sex parent link
mother's sister's child
father's brother's child
mother's sister's child
father's brother's child
Types of Kin
Fictive
Consanguineal
Affinal
Consanguineal
Affinal
Fictive Kin
Arbitrarily assigned
Adoption
Adoption
Consanguineal Kin
Blood kin
Biological
Biological
Affinal Kin
Kin by marriage
Cultural
"In-laws"
Cultural
"In-laws"
Patrilineal Descent
Descent traced through male line; importance of cross cousin marriage
Marriage outside the descent group
Marriage outside the descent group
Matrilineal Descent
Wife-husband bonds are weak
Brother-sister bonds are strong
Descent traced though the female line
Mother's brother is the dominate male figure
Brother-sister bonds are strong
Descent traced though the female line
Mother's brother is the dominate male figure
Lineage
Claim descent from a common ancestor
Traced through known lines
Usually unilineal descent
Ancestor-oriented
Exogamous
Cross-cousin marriage
Traced through known lines
Usually unilineal descent
Ancestor-oriented
Exogamous
Cross-cousin marriage
Clans
Non-corporate descent groups
Claiming descent from a common ancestor
Descent is assumed without knowing
Claiming descent from a common ancestor
Descent is assumed without knowing
Descriptive Kinship
Terms refer to one speific relative
Father, husband
Father, husband
Classificatory
Terms refer to a group of relative in the same relation
Cousins, aunts
Cousins, aunts
Functions of religion
Explanation
Validation
Integration
Solves:
Ultimate problem of existence
Ultimate problem of Death
Ultimate problem of Fate/Evil
Validation
Integration
Solves:
Ultimate problem of existence
Ultimate problem of Death
Ultimate problem of Fate/Evil
World View
Culturally shaped way one sees and interprets the world
Implicit assumptions about the nature of the universe
Implicit assumptions about the nature of the universe
Animism
Belief that spirits reside witin all organic and inorganic substances
Foragers, horticulturalists
Foragers, horticulturalists
Polytheism
Belief in many gods
Agriculturalists
Agriculturalists
Monotheism
Belief in one God
Agriculturalists
Agriculturalists
Rites of Passage
Ceremonial practice that accompanies a "passage" from one situation to another
Shaman
Have the ability to control spirits
"healing'
In forager and horticulturalists societies (egalitarian societies)
"healing'
In forager and horticulturalists societies (egalitarian societies)
Priests
Agriculturalists, industrialists (Ranked societies)
Authority conferred by office
Power is public and formal
Maintains relationship with God(s)
Responsible for Ritual
Authority conferred by office
Power is public and formal
Maintains relationship with God(s)
Responsible for Ritual
Witchcraft
Psychic ability of some people to harm others
Sorcery
Magical Strategy
Manipulate objects to bring harmful effect
Manipulate objects to bring harmful effect
Revitalization Movements
Social movements often of religious nature with the pupose of totally reforming a society
Associated with rapid culture change
Ex. Ghost Dance
Associated with rapid culture change
Ex. Ghost Dance
Co-figurative
Margaret Mead
Prevailing model for members of our society is the behavior of their contemporaries (peers)
Prevailing model for members of our society is the behavior of their contemporaries (peers)
Common Man Cult
Associated with conformity
Identity with common people
Identity with common people
Concept of youth and progress
Valued, yet distrusted
America is a future oriented society the result is a lack of confidence in methods of the past
America is a future oriented society the result is a lack of confidence in methods of the past
Concept of self-reliance and hard work
Failure becomes personal, which equal fear of failure
We want credit but not blame, bit accepting responsibility means accepting failure.
We want credit but not blame, bit accepting responsibility means accepting failure.
Education in America
Valued education is education that deals most directly with solving practical problems
There is less emphasis on what you learn than what you can do with a college diploma
There is less emphasis on what you learn than what you can do with a college diploma
Development
Improvement in the quaility of human life
Developing social, political, and economic systems which allows individual potentiality, feelings of self-esteem, adequate health and well being
Developing social, political, and economic systems which allows individual potentiality, feelings of self-esteem, adequate health and well being
Underdeveloped
Serve shortage of land and capitial,
Furthest from these goals (see development)
Linked with dependency on outside powers
Furthest from these goals (see development)
Linked with dependency on outside powers
Genocide
Deliberate and systematic destruction of a political or cultural grou
Ethnocide
Deliberate and systematic destruction of a people's culture
Ecocide
Systematic and deliberate destruction of the environment
Eliminates the traditional means of economic production, distribution, and consumption
Eliminates the traditional means of economic production, distribution, and consumption
Colonialism
Destroyed cultural pattern of economic production and exchange
About this deck
By: Kalena Milluzzo
Textbook: Introducing Anthropology: An Integrated Approach
Created: 2010-12-14
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 126
Textbook: Introducing Anthropology: An Integrated Approach
Created: 2010-12-14
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 126
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj