Final Exam

Sociology 1113 with Gordon Abra at University of Oklahoma

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By: Anonymous
Textbook: Demian

Demian

In the Path of the Masters: Understanding the Spirituality of Buddha, Confucius, Jesus, and Muhammad

Sociology (13th Edition)

The Silent Language:
Created: 2010-12-11
Size: 104 flashcards
Views: 240

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Peter Berger

described sociology as "seeing the general in the particular"

social imagination

transforms personal troubles into public issues

sociological perspective

helps us see the opportunities and constraints in our lives

Auguste Comte

coined the term of sociology and said it was a new way of looking at society; also had 3 stages

theological stage

religious view that society expressed God's will

metaphysical stage

people saw society as a natural rather than supernatural

positivism stage

a way of understanding things based on science

social structure

relatively stable pattern or social behavior; gives our lives shape

structural functional approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

theoretical approach

a basic image of society that guides thinking and researching

theory

a statement of how and why specific facts are related

social functions

the consequence of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole

Robert K. Merton

distinguished between manifest functions, the recognized and intended consequence of any social pattern and latent functions the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

social dysfunction

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society; what is functional for one group may be dysfunctional for another

social conflict approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

gender conflict approach

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women

Harriet Martineaue

first woman sociologist

race conflict approach

a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories

macro-level orientation

under the symbolic approach, a focus on social structures that shape society as a whole..."the big picture"

micro-level orientation

a close up focus on social interaction in specific situations

symbolic interaction approach

a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

empirical evidence

information we can verify with our senses

Positivist Sociology

the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior

androcentricity

refers to approaching an issue from a Male Perspective

gynocentricity

refers to approaching an issue from a Female Perspective

over generalizing

gathering information from men or another small group and then drawing to conclusions

gender blindness

failing to consider gender at all in an issue

gender interference

gender can distort a study if a subject reacts to the sex of the researcher

Hawthorne Effect

lights were turned up in factory and productivity went up, lights were turned down and it went u again; it actually increased because they were aware that their productivity was being studied

"The Stanford County Prison"

prisons really aren't violent, it's the setting that the prisoners are placed in (guards, barking dogs, chains, cruelty) that makes the prisoners become hostile, causing violence

William Foote Whyte

participant observation in the neighborhood, 'cornerville,' wanted to find out what kind of life went on in community

nonmaterial culture

culture where the ideas are created by members of a society

material culture

the physical things created by the members of a society

cultural transmission

the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

Sapir-Whorf Thesis

states that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language

values

culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living

folkways

norms for routine or casual interaction (draws a line between polite and impolite)

mores

norms that are widely accepted (draws a line between right and wrong)

counterculture

cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society

William Ogburn

Cultural lag: the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others

ethnocentrism

the practice of judging another culture by the standards of ones own culture

cultural universals

traits that are part of every known culture

socialization

refers to the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

Sigmund Freud

Humans have 2 basis needs, SEX and AGGRESSION

Jean Piaget

studied human cognition, how people think and understand

sensorimotor

level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses

pre-operational stage

the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols

concrete operational stage

level of human development at which individuals first see casual connections in their surroundings

formal operational stage

level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically

Kohlberg

had theory of moral development: pre-conventional- childhood, conventional- teen years, post conventional- adulthood

the looking glass self

term used by Cooley to mean a self-image based on how we think others see us

generalized other

term used by Mead to refer to widespread culture norms and values we use as references in evaluation of ourselves

Erik Eriksons

had 8 stages of development: infancy, toddlerhood, preschool, preadolescence, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, old age

anticipatory socialization

learning that helps a person achieve a desired position

mass media

the means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience

Kubler Ross

described death as an orderly transition involving 5 stages: denial, anger, negotiation, resignation, acceptance

total institution

a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff

resocialization

the radical change of an inmate's personality by careful control of the enviroment

ascribed status

a social position a person receives at birth or take involuntarily later in life

achieved status

a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort

master status

a status that has special importance for social identity

instrumental leadership

group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks

expressive leadership

group leadership that focuses on the groups well being

authoritarian leadership

leadership that takes personal charge of decision making

democratic leadership

leadership that makes a point of including everyone in the decision making process

Solomon Asch

found that 1/3 of all subjects choose to conform to a large group of people by answering incorrectly with all of them

Milgram

showed that people are likely to follow the lead of not only authority figures, but also groups of ordinary individuals even when it means harming another person

Janis

developed theory of Groupthink: the tendency of group members to conform resulting in a narrow view of some issue

George Simmel

studied social dynamics in the smallest groups

utilitarian organization

an organization that pays people for their efforts

normative organization

voluntary organization; community service groups

coercive organization

involuntary organization; Prison

bureaucracy

organization model that is rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

Max Weber

believed that America was being run by bureaucracies

organizational environment

factors outside of an organization that affect its operation

endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

exogamy

marriage between people of different social classes

patilocality

residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's family

matrilocality

residential pattern in which a married couple lives wit or near the wife's family

neolocality

a residential pattern in which a married couple lives apart from both sets of parents

romantic love; homogony

marriage between people with the same social characteristics

settling in; infidelity

sexual activity outside ones marriage

Beauman

had a study that showed most students are sexually active

sex

biological distinction between females and males

gender

an element of culture and refers to personal traits and behaviors

Laumann

had a study that found that frequency of sexual activity varies widely in the U.S. no single stereotype describes sexual activity

Simon LeVay

found that sexual orientation was linked to the structure of a person's brain

symbolic interaction approach

emphasizes the various meanings people attach to sexuality

ideology

cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality

structural social mobility

a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts

Davis Moore Thesis

social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society

blue collar occupation

lower prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor

white collar occupation

higher prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity

social mobility

upward and downward movement in social classes

intragenerational social mobility

change in social position occurring within a person's lifetime

Jay Zagorsky

found that people who marry and stay married accumulate about twice as much wealth as people who remain single or divorced

relative poverty

lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more

absolute poverty

lack of resources that is life threatening and affects all

feminization of poverty

trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor

gender stratification

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

Margaret Mead

believed that people everywhere should define feminine and masculine in that same way

George Murdock

found some global agreement about which takes are feminine and masculine

Diane Herman

claimed that the abuse of women is built into our way of life

radical feminism

society must eliminate gender itself in order to reach goal of gender equality