Final Exam

-understands race to be a social construction

-emphasis on the difference in culture between races

-supported by "multiculturalism" and "color blind" discourses

-racial differences of different ethnic identity

-enhance multiculturalism in schools

-celebrate diversity in communities

-public policies (busing, desgregation of military)

-targeted oppurtunities (affirmitie action, small business loans)

-teach about oppression not just culture

-divisions in society

-white supremacy

-American identity is defined as white by both Americans and foreigners

-consolidates races (blacks used to be Asante, Yoruba, etc)

-rise of racialized identities

-blacks moved into the subarbs

-blacks moved to less segregated

-hispanic segregation is expected to increase as their population increases

-asian ghettos are growing with asian immigrants

-barrier to other forms of racial integration (less understanding and respect)

-keeps minorities out of sight out of mind to whites

-prevents development of politics with similiar interests

-whites and blacks both prefer neighborhoods that are upper class but whites prefer mostly white while blacks prefer mixed

-overt racist acts

-landlords informally agreed not to house them

-self-preservation=blacks lived with each other for safety

-federal housing policy that increase suburbs for GI's

-redlining- would not loan to people who wanted to buy or build in primarily black neighborhooods

-racial steering-show blacks and whites different neighborhoods

-show blacks less houses

-realty ads typical depict whites

poor minorities

-low skill jobs that do not exist in urban areas but in suburbs away from black neighborhoods

-% of jobs that need to change location for jobs to be equally spread across neighborhoods

-address discrimination-employer doesnt hire candidate because where they live reveals their race

-decline in the amount of "marriageable" men b/c loss of male secure employment

-rise of female heads of house

-diminish education

-increased crime

-human capital

-labor

-family reunification

-refugees/asylum seekers

-hugh education levels

-high skills

-tend to work and live outside of the ethnic ghettos

-lower education level

-less skilled

-tend to work and live in the ghettos

-come to join family already in the US

-the majority of immigrants

-melting pot

-pluralism (salad bowl)

-institutional assimilation

-immigrants give up thier culture and lamguage and adopt fully the american culture

-upward mobility based on assimilation in to American culture

-immigrants continue their culture and language and it is celebrated

-their culture coexists with dominant American culture

-immigrants adopt some aspects of American culture

-the balance depends on the instituational conditions

-institutions shape assimilation paths, and these differ by immigrant group

-the form of masculinity culturally dominant

-the masculinity that all other masculinities are compared to (gay, black, working class)

-percent of women is rising, while men is virtually the same, but decreasing a little

-now black men, black women, and white women are all at the same point, with white men about 10% higher

-rates of participation are higher each decade for each group

-the childbearing age dip is minimal in later decades

-the differences between  1990 and 2000 are the smallest in the last 50 years

-single with no children=no gap

-married parents=biggest gap, married moms are the least likely to work

-hs dropouts are getting less jobs every decade

-hs grads are also decreasing but not as much

-some college and college grads have the same changes but college grads are a couple of percentages higher

-women are delaying marriage and need to support themselves

-higher rates of divorce means women have to support household

-many work so that they have money in case they should get divorced

-women's roled in society are no longer as limited

-gap has been converging in the last 3 decades-working class women are catching up with working class men

-average man's earnings in workingn class are declining over time

-gap has remained constant since 1990-affluent women are not catching up to affluent men

-average men's earnings at the top are pulling away and getting higher than those of women at the top

-gender earnings gap is smaller for each new cohort as they enter the labor force

-gap is most equal during early and late stages of working lives

-gap gets bigger during age 30-50

-human capital

-women's choices

-negotiation strategies

-occupational segregation and the devalutaion of womens work

-women lack sufficient education ot work experience to be as productive as men and therefore deserve lower wages then men

-but the wage gap persists when they have the same amount of education and experience

-many women choose careers that pay less

-women accept lower pay in exchange for more flexible hours to balance work and family

-women are more likely than men to work part time but still get paid less when looking at the ratio

-men more likely to enter negotiations

-women more likely to negotiate with a female boss

-after negotiation men are more successful

-male employers hold it against women but not men

-women who negotiate are peceived as unlikeable

jobs socially defined as women's jobs typically pay less than those defined as men's

-employers say that discrimination is needed in order to get the most effienct workers

-use stereotypes when deciding hiring and raises

-if they hire someone that they think wont be as productive they dont pay them as much

-men and women are in different organizational paths and pay structures

-women are not on the senior management path

-large organizations tend to have less allocative discrimination and work on universalism

-pay less to people in predominatley female occupations and more to people in predominatley male occupations, even when the jobs have similiar skills

-ex: pay a groundsmen more than a secretary

-possible solution=comparable worth

-attach pay scales to jobs depending in skill level required, not the nature of the specific tasks

-not used often in the US

-pay men and women differently for doing the same work

-solutions=salary audits, fine organizations that discriminate, teach women negotiation skills

-passed in 1963 to prohibit employers from paying workers differently based on sex

-to qualify must have: different wages, equal skill, same working conditions

-cannot be due to: seniority, merit system, commission, any other factor other than sex

-grant 180 days since the last pay check to file the claim

-this for that

-promotions based on the expectation of sexual favors