Final Exam
Anthropology 1006 with Erickson at University of Connecticut
About this deck
By: Anonymous
Textbook:
Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity
Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village
Created: 2012-03-21
Size: 247 flashcards
Views: 176
Textbook:
Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi VillageCreated: 2012-03-21
Size: 247 flashcards
Views: 176
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interview schedule
form (guide) used to structure a formal but personal interview
questionaire
form used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents
genealogical method
using diagrams and symbols to record kin connections
key cultural consultant
expert on a particular aspect of local life
life history
of a key consultant; a personal portrait of someone's life in a culture
emic
research strategy focusing on local explanations
cultural consultants
people who teach an ethnographer about their culture
etic
research strategy emphasizing the enthrographer's explanations and categories
longitudinal research
long-term study usually based on repeated visits
survey research
the study of society through sampling , statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection
sample
a smaller study of group chosen to represent a larger population
random sample
a sample in which all the population members have an equal chance of inclusion
variables
attributes that differ from one person or case to the next
complex societies
large, populous societies (e.g. nations) with stratification and a goverment
unlinear evolutionism
idea (19th century) of a single line or path of cultural development
Historical particularism
idea (Boas) that histories are not comparable: diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result
functionalism
approach focusing on the role (function) of sociocultural practices in social systems
sychronic
(studying societies) at one time
diachronic
(studying socities) across time
configurationalism
view of culture as integrated and patterned
cultural materialism
idea (Harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure
superorganic
(Kroeber) the special domain of culture ,beyond the organic and inorganic realms
symbolic anthropology
the study of symbols in their social and cultural context
interpretive anthropology
(Geertz) the study of a culture as a system of meaning
agency
the actions of individuals, alone and in groups that create and transform culture
political economy
the web of interrelated economic and power relations in society
language
primary means of human communication, spoken and written
call systems
communication systems of nonhuman primates
cultural transmission
transmission through learning, basic to language
productivity
creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers
displacement
describing things and events that are not present; basic to language
kinesics
study of communication through body movements and facial expressions
phonology
study of language's phonemics and phonetics
morphology
(linguistic) study of morphemes in a language and their meaninngs
lexicon
vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
syntax
arrangement of words in phrases and sentences
phoneme
smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning
phonetics
study of speech sounds - what people actually say
phonemics
study of sound contrast (phonemes) in a language
sapir-whorf hypothesis
idea that different languages produce different patterns of thoughts
focal vocabulary
set of words describing particular domains (focil) of experience
ehtnosemantics
study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts
semantics
a language's meaning system
style shifts
carrying one's speech in different social contexts
diglossia
language with "high" (formal) and "low' (informal, familiar) dialects
honorifics
terms of respect; used to honor people
Black english vernacular (BEV)
rule governed dialect spoken by some african-americans
subgroups
(lingustic) closely related languages
historical linguistics
study of languages over time
daughter language
languages sharing a common parent languages e.g. latin
protolanguage
language ancestral to several daughter languages
ethinic group
one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region
ethnicity
identification with an ethnic group
status
any position that determines where someone fits in society
ascribed status
social status based on little or no choice
achieved status
social status based on choices or accomplishments
race
ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
racism
discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
descent
social identity based on ancestry
hypodescent
children assigned to same group as minority parent
statifed
class-structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power
phenotype
expressed physical characteristics of an organism
nation
society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry and kinship
state
formal society with formal, central goverment
nation-state
an autonomous political entity; a country
colonialism
long-term foreign domination of a terrioty and its people
assimilation
absorption of minorities within a dominant culture
nationalities
ethic groups that have once had or want their own country
plural society
society with economically interdependent ethic groups
multiculturalism
view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining
prejudice
devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes
stereotypes
fixed ideas- often unfavorable about what member of a group are like
discrimination
policies and practices that harm a group and its members
refugees
people who flee a country to escape persecution or war
genocide
deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder
ethnocide
destruction of cultures or certain ethnic groups
cultural colonialism
internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others
daughter language
languages sharing a common parent language e.g. language
protolanguage
language ancestral to several daughter languagues
ethnic group
one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region
ethnicity
identification with an ethnic group
status
any position that determines where someone fits in society
ascribed status
social status based on little or no choice
race
ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
racism
discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis
descent
social identity based on ancestry
hypodescent
children assigned to the same group as a minority parent
stratified
class-strucuted, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power
phenotype
expressed physical characteristics of an organism
nation
society sharing a language,religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship
state
stratified society with formal, central, goverment
nation-state
an autonomous political entity ; a country
colonialism
long-term foreign domination of a territory and its people
assimilation
absorption of minorities within a dominant culture
nationalities
ethnic group that have once had or wanted their own country
plural society
society with economically interdependent ethnic groups
multiculturalism
view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining
prejudice
devaluing a group because of its assumed atributes
stereotypes
fixed ideas- often unfavorable about what members of a group are like
discrimination
policies and practices that harm a group and its members
refugees
people who flee a country to escape persecution or war
genocide
deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder
ethnocide
destruction of cultures or certain ethnic groups
cultural colonialism
internal domination by one group and its culture or idealogy over others
adaptive strategy
means of making a living; productive system
correlation
association; when over variable changes, another one does too
band
basic social unit among foragers; fewer than 100 people; may split seasonally
horticulture
nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing
agriculture
cultivation using land and labor continuously and intesively
cultivation continuum
continuum, of land and labor use
pastoralists
herders of domesticated aniamls
nomadism, pastoral
animal movement of entire pastoral groups with herds
transhumance
only part of the population moves seasonally with herds
economy
system of resource production, distribution, and consumption
mode of production
specific set of social relations that organizes labor
means (or factors) of production
major productive resource, e.g. land, labor, technology, capital
economizing
allocation of scare means among alternative ends
peasant
small-scale farmer with rent fund obligations
redistribution
flow of goods into center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms
reciprocity
principle governing exchanges among social equals
market principle
buying, selling. and valuation based on supply and demand
reciprocity continuum
runs from generalized (closely related/deferred return) to negative (strangers/immediate return) reciprcity
generalized reciprocity
exchanges among closely related individuals
balanced reciprocity
midpoint on reciprocity continuum between generalized and negative
negative reciprocity
potentially hostile exchanges among strangers
potlach
competitive feast on north pacific coast of north america
tribe
food-producing society with rudimentary political structure
conflict resolution
means of settling disputes
law
legal code of a state society, with trial and enforcement
head, village
local tribal leader with limited authority
big man
generous tribal entrepreneur with multi village support
Pantribal sodality
A nonkin-based group with regional political significance
age set
unisex (usually male) political group; includes everyone born with a certain time span
office
permanent political position
differential access
favored access to resources by superordinates over subordinates
superordinate
upper, privileged, group in a stratified society
subordinate
lower, underprivileged , group in a stratified society
wealth
all a person's material assets; basis of economic status
power
ability to control others; basis of political status
prestige
esteem, respect, or approval
fiscal
pertaining to finances and taxation
hegemony
subordinates accept hierarchy as "natural"
public transcript
open public interactions between dominators and opressed
hidden transcript
hidden resistance to dominance, by the opressed
sexual dimorphism
marked differences in male and females biological beyond breasts and genitals
gender roles
the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex
gender stereotypes
oversimplified, strongly held views about males and females
gender stratification
unequal distribution of social resources between men and women
domestic-public dichotomy
work at home versus more valued work outside
matrilineal descent
descent traced through women only
patrineal descent
descent traced through men only
patrilocality
married couple resides in husband's (father's) community
matriolocality
married couples rides in wife's (mother's) community
Matrifocal
Mother-centered; e.g., household with no resident husband-father.
patrilineal-patrilocal complex
male supremacy based on patrilineality, patrilocality, and warfare.
Martin/Voorhies: caused by pressure on resources. men wage warfare on neighboring villages resulting in a stronger bond between the men.
ex: Papua New Guinea: women are isolated from public domain, which is controlled by men.
patrilinelal- patrilocal complex
male supremacy based on patrineality, patrilocality, and warfare
extradomestic
outside the home; public
patriarchy
political system ruled by men
sexual orientation
sexual attraction to a person of the opposite sex, same sex, or either sex
descent group
group based on belief in shared ancestry
family of orientation
nucleur family which one is born and grows up
family of procreation
nuclear family established when one marries and has children
neolocality
couple establishes new residence
extended family household
household with 3 or generations
unilineal descent
matrilineal or patrilineal descent
lineage
unilineal descent group based on demonstrated descent
clan
unilineal descent based on demonstrated descent
ambilineal
flexible descent rule, neither partilineal nor matrilieanl
kinship calculation
how people in a particular society reckon kin relations
ego
position from which one views an egocentric geneology
bilateral kinship calculation
kin ties calculated equally through men and women
functional explanation
one based on correlation or co-occurence of social varaible
lineal kinship terminology
four parental kin terms: M,F,MB, and MZ=FZ
lineal relative
ego's direct ancestors and descendants
collateral relative
relative outside ego's direct line e.g. B,Z, FB, MZ
Affines
relatives by marriage
bifurcate merging kinship terminology
four parental kin terms: M=MZ; F=FB; MB and FZ each stands alone
generational kinship terminology
just two parental kin terms: M=MZ=FZ and F=FB=MB
bifurcate collateral kinship terminology
six separate parental kin terms: M,F, MB,MZ, FB and FZ
genitor
a child's biological fsther
pater
one's socially recognized father; not necessarily the genitor
exogamy
marriage outside of a given grou
incest
forbidden sexual relations with a close relative
parallel cousins
children of two brothers or two sisters
cross cousins
children of a brother and a sister
endogamy
marriage of people from the same group
mater
socially recognized mother of a child
bridewealth
martial gift by husband's group to wife's group
progeny price
martial gift by husband's group to wife's legitimizes their children
dowry
substantial gift to husband's family from wife's group
plural marriage
more than one spouses simultaneously aka polygamy
polyandry
woman has more the one husband at the same time
sororate
widower marries sister or his deceased wife
levirate
widow marries brother of her deceases husband
religion
belief and ritual concerning supernatural beings, powers, and forces
communitas
intense feeling of social solidarity
animism
belief in souls or doubles
mana
impersonal sacred force, so named in Melanesia and Polynesia
taboo
sacred and forbidden; prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions
magic
using supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims
ritual
formal, repetitive, stereotyped behaviors based on liturgical order
rites of passaged
rites marking transitions between places or stages of life
liminality
the in-between phase of a passage rite
cosmology
a system; often religious for imagining and understanding the universe
leveling mechanism
custom that brings standouts back in line with community norms
shaman
a part-time magico-religious practitioner
communal religions
based on community rituals e.g., harvest ceremonies, passage rites
polytheism
belief that multiple deities control aspects of nature
olympian religions
state religions with professional preisthoods
monotheism
worship of a single supreme being
Syncretisms
Cultural, especially religious, mixes, emerging from acculturation
revitalization movements
movements aimed at altering or revitalizing a society
cargo cults
postcolonial acculturative religious movements in Melanesia
antimodernism
rejecting the modern for a presumed earlier, purer, better way
fundamentalism
advocating strict fidelity to a religions presumed founding principles
arts
includes visual arts, literature (written and oral), music, and performance arts
expressive culture
dance, music, painting, sculpt, pottery, cloth, stories, drama, comedy etc
art
object, event, or other expressive form that evokes an aesthetic reaction
aesthetics
the appreciation of qualities perceived in art
ethnomusicology
comparative study of music as an aspect of culture an society
folk
of the people; e.g. the art, music, and lore of ordinary people
catharsis
intense emotional release
text
cultural product that is processed and assigned meaning by anyone exposed to it
capitalist world economy
profit-oriented global economy based on production for sale
capital
wealth invested with the intent of producing profit
world-system theory
idea that a discernible social system based on wealth and power differentials transcends individual countries
core
dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production
semiperiphery
position in the world system intermediate between core and periphery
periphery
weakest structural and economic position in the world system
industrial revolution
(In Europe after 1750) Socioeconomic transformation through industrialization
bourgeoise
owners of the means of production
working class or proletariat
people who must sell their labor to survive
imperialism
policy aimed at seizing and ruling foreign territory and peoples
colonialism
long-term foreign control of a territory and its people
postcolonial
relations between European nations and areas they colonized and once ruled
intervention philosophy
idealogical justification for outsiders to guide or rule native peoples
nonliberalism
governments shouldn't regulate private enterprise; free market forces should rule
communism
property owned by the community; people working for the common good
Communism
political movement aimed at replacing capitalism with soviet-type communism
indigenous people
original inhabitants of particular areas
greenhouse effect
warming from trapped atmospheric gases
climate change
global warming plus changing sea levels, precipitation, storms and ecosystem effects
ethnoecology
a culture's set of environmental practices and perceptions
ecological anthropology
study of cultural adaptions to enviroments
westernization
the acculturative influence if western expansion on local cultures worldwide
cultural imperialism
spread of one (dominant) culture at the expense of others
idigenized
modified to fit the local culture
About this deck
By: Anonymous
Textbook: Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity
Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village
Created: 2012-03-21
Size: 247 flashcards
Views: 176
Textbook:
Anthropology: The Exploration of Human Diversity Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi VillageCreated: 2012-03-21
Size: 247 flashcards
Views: 176
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis