final exam

Biology 110 with Long at Michigan State University

About this deck

By: Shae Borenstein
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 63

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy

Sign up (free) to study this.

carbon based molecules move energy (and matter) through systems

true

what is a greenhouse gas?

chemical bonds absorb solar energy and radiate back to environment as heat

largest greenhouse contribution?

carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide increase/decrease over the years?

increase

greenhouse gases are bad

false, not all bad

where is food?

organic molecules of plant

NPP is measured as:

biomass

what environmental(abiotic) variables influence NPP?

rainfall, temperature, location, oceans, pollution

less seeds consumed, mutualist/predator?

mutualist

ecology

study of interactions

populations (relationship)

intraspecific interactions, factors that influence population characters

communities (relationship)

interspecific interactions, coevolved systems

ecosystems (relationship)

species interactions with abiotic factors, movement of matter and energy

ecosystem def:

community of organisms and the abiotic factors influencing that community

community def:

assemblage of interacting populations that overlap in space and time

population def:

group of individuals of same species that occupy a specific space at a specific time

trophic structure of an ecosystem?

represents the movement of matter/energy through the living part of a system

food web

model of trophic structure for a system, consists of multiple food chains

3 models of energy movement?

energy transfer, energy pyramid, energy flow

energy pyramid

NPP represents total energy and matter available to trophic levels above, size of base limits number and diversity of organisms above it

primary production

total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis (gramsC/area/time)

net primary production(NPP)

amount of primary production available to other organisms as food, NPP=photosynthesis-respiration

the majority of actual weight(biomass) gained by plants as they grow comes from:

carbon dioxide in the air that enters through leaves

photosynthesis

obtain carbon from atmosphere, CO2

respiration

breakdown of sugars(CO2)

photosynthesis equation:

CO2(atmosphere)+H2O(soil)>sugar+O2

respiration equation:

O2(atmosphere)+sugar(food)>CO2+H2O

energy flows/cycles?

flows

carbon flows/cycles?

cycles

tools of science? (5)

perform an experiment, collect graph and interpret experimental data, use data to construct hypotheses and design experiments to test, construct claims

as a scientist the first thing to do after collecting data is:

graph data

types of data:

categorical:data can be binned into discrete categories
continuous:data can assume any value(sometimes within range)

when should you use a bar graph?

counts, frequencies

when should you use a pie chart?

categories are proportions of a whole

when should you use a line graph?

trends, relationships between 2 variables

when should you use a scatter plot?

show discrete values that represent relationships

3 things models have:

structure, behavior, function

what is structure?

components, parts (nouns, objects, concepts)

what is behavior

indicators of the relationships between structures, processes, descriptions of hierarchy (verbs)

what is function?

what does the model DO? what message/ information does it communicate?

scientific models:

represent aggregations of data, patterns, relationships
simplified abstractions of reality
physical, conceptual, quantitive
can represent known phenomena(test hypotheses)
replace "real" systems that cannot be measured

concept models:

a tool for communicating, thinking

structure of a scientific argument:

claim(hypothesis and conclusion), evidence(data), warrant(why and how)

chromosomes are made of:

DNA

nucleotide:

subunit of DNA, RNA

homolog:

same length, size, centromere position; within a homologous pair, 1 chromosome from mother, one from father

ploidy:

number of complete sets of chromosomes, humans are diploid

2 rules that govern DNA structure

sugar-phosphate linkages hold adjacent nucleotides together(covalent bonds)
bases pair in a regular and predictable way

H-bonds between bases hold complementary strands together

true

in order of increasing size?

gene, chromosome, nucleotide, water molecule, glucose molecule

mutation is the source of new...?

alleles

metaphase

duplicated chromosomes line up at equatorial plane; alighned by centromeres

mitosis phases:

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

anaphase:

sister chromatids separate at centromere

meiosis 1:

homologs separate

meiosis 2:

sister chromatids separate

mendel's laws

pairs of alleles segregate, principle of independent assortment

epistasis:

one gene affects the action of another gene at a different locus

pleiotropy:

one gene determines many traits

polygenic inheritance:

multiple genes determine a single trait

environmental interactions:

phenotype=genes+environment

linked genes:

genes that occur on the same chromosome will not assort independently

chiasma:

point of contact and exchange (in crossing over)

fitness:

the extent to which an individual contributes alleles to subsequent generations

connection between fitness and evolution?

the fittest individuals have the greatest impact on genetic characteristics of a population

evolution:

change in allele frequency

selection

differential reproduction due to inherited traits

three types of selection:

natural, sexual, artificial

adaption:

a trait differentially "selected" by the environment

genetic drift:

change in allele frequencies due to random events in environment

gene flow:

physical movement of alleles into or out of a population by immigration/emigration

evolution is determined by: (3)

selection, genetic drift, gene flow

species:

population of organisms with the potential to interbreed and producing viable and fertile offspring

speciation:

origination of new species resulting from reproductive isolation of populations that have diverged

describing a population: (3)

density, dispersion, demography

density:

number of organisms per unit area

dispersion:

the distribution of the species in the given area, determined by the distance between individuals

demography:

structure or classification of the population (age structure, sex ratio, classes)

pools:

a portion of a population, these can be counted and are added/subtracted

rates:

pools divided by other pools divided by time(birth rate=new born/reproductive adults/1 year)

growth rate:

rate=birth-deaths

competition:

species overlap in resource requirements and the resource is limiting

character displacement:

selection favors individuals with traits most different from their competitors, competing species become more different over time

covalent bonds are stronger/weaker than hydrogen bonds which occur between bases?

stronger

different alleles of a gene will be the same in:

length in base pairs, position(locus)

different alleles of a gene will be different in:

base sequences, proteins coded for

BRCA2 normal allele:

generally the most prevalent in a population

BRCA2 wild-type allele:

repair damaged DNA, stabilize chromosomes during cell division

a nucleotide contains: (3)

phosphate group, deoxyribose/ribose sugar, nitrogenous base

About this deck

By: Shae Borenstein
Textbook:

Biology with MasteringBiology? (8th Edition)
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 90 flashcards
Views: 63

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy