FINAL EXAM
Anthropology 201 with Lindsay at Purdue University
About this deck
By: Tyi Johnson
Textbook:
World Prehistory and Archaeology (2nd Edition) (MyAnthroLab Series)
Created: 2011-04-22
Size: 316 flashcards
Views: 91
Textbook:
World Prehistory and Archaeology (2nd Edition) (MyAnthroLab Series)Created: 2011-04-22
Size: 316 flashcards
Views: 91
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SURVEY
AN ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAPS THE PHYSICAL REMAINS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS THAT ALLOW SPATIAL DATA TO BE BROUGHT TOGETHER AND CONSOLIDATED
HORIZONTAL EXCAVATION
AN EXCAVATION FOR WHICH THE GOAL IS TO EXCAVATE A BRAOD AREA IN ORDER TO EXPOSE THE REMAINS OF A SINGLE POINT IN TIME
VERTICAL EXCAVATION
AN EXCAVATION FOR WHICH THE GOAL IS TO EXCAVATE A SIGNIFICANT DEPTH OF DEPOSITS IN ORDER TO EXPOSE THE REOCRD OF A SEQUENCE OF OCCUPATION
LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
IN ANY UNDISTURBED DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCE EACH LAYER OF SEDIMENTS IS YONGER THAN THE LAYER BENEATH IT
STRATA
DISCRETE LAYERS IN A STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE
ANTHROPOGENIC DEPOSITS
DEPOSITS THAT RESULT FROM HUMAN ACTIVITY. HUMAN ACTIVITIES RANGE FROM BUILDING FIRES ON EPHEMERAL HUNTER-GATHER CAMPSITES TO ERECTING THE PALACES AND FORTIFICATION OF GREAT CITIES
DEPOSITIONAL UNIT
THE MATERIAL DEPOSITED AT A SITE AT A PARTICULAR POINT IN TIME
DATUM POINT
THE LINCHPIN FOR THE CONTROL OF EXCAVATION. IT SERVES AS A REFERENCE POINT FOR ALL DEPTH MEASUREMENTS ON THE SITE
WET SCREENING
THE PROCESS OF SPRAYING WATER ONTO A SIEVE TO BEAK UP SEDIMENTS AND MOVE THEM THROUGH THE MESH TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL ARTIFACTS ARE RECOVERED DURING AN EXCAVATION
ARTIFACTS
OBJECTS THAT SHOW TRACES OF HUMAN MANAFACTURE
ECOFACTS
OBJECTS RECOVERED FROM AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT THAT ARE EITHER THE REMAINS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS
OR THE RESULTS OF GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES
POST DEPOSITIONAL PROCESS
EVENTS THAT TAKE PLACE AFTER A SITE HAS BEEN OCCUPIED
TAPHONOMY
THE STUDY OF THE PROCESS THAT AFFECT ORGANIC REMAINS AFTER DEATH
ATTRIBUTE
A PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTIC OF AN ARTIFACT
ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY
A CHRONOLOGY STATED IN TERMS OF CALENDAR YEARS
RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY
A CHRONOLOGY THAT PLACES ASSEMBLAGES IN A TEMPORAL SEQUENCE NOT DIRECTLY LINKED TO CALENDAR DATES
SERIATION
THE METHOD OF COMPARING THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF ARTIFACT TYPES BETWEEN CONTEXTS
ARCHEOLOGICAL THEORY
IDEAS THAT ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DEVELOPED ABOUT THE PAST AND ABOUT EH WAYS WE COME TO KNOW THE PAST
THUNDERSTONES
OBJECTS SUCH AS GROUND AXES THAT PEOPLE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE BELIEVED WERE FORMED IN SPOTS WHERE LIGHTNING STRUCK THE EARTH
THREE AGE SYSTEM
A SYSTEM DEVELOPED BY DANISH ANTIQUARIAN CHRISTIAN JURGENSEN THOMSEN THAT CATALOGUS ARTIFACTS INTO RELICS OF THREE PERIODS--THE STONE AGE, THE BRONZE AGE, AND THE IRON AGE--BASED ON MATERIAL MANUFACTURE
NEOLITHIC
THE PERIOD IN WHICH THERE ARE POLISHED STONE TOOLS. ALSO CALLED THE NEW STONE AGE
PALEOLITHIC
THE PERIOD IN WHICH HUMANS LIVED WITH NOW-EXTINCT ANIMALS. ALSO CALLED THE OLD STONE AGE
NEW ARCHAEOLOGY
AN APPROACH TO ARCHAEOLOGY BASED FIRMLY ON SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND SUPPORTED BY A CONCERTED EFFORT AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY
CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY CARRIED OUT WITH THE GOAL OF MITIGATING THE EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
SYSTEMS THEORY
AN ARCHEOLOGICAL THEORY THAT VIEWS SOCIETY AS AN INTERCONNECTED NETWORK OF INTERACTING ELMENTS
POST PROCESSUAL ARCHEOLOGY
A MOVEMENT LED BY BRITISH ARCHEOLOGIST IAN HODDER, WHICH ARGUES THAT ARCHAEOLOGISTS SHOULD EMULATE HISTORIANS IN INTERPRETING THE PAST
SPECIES
A GROUP OF INTIMATELY RELATED AND PHYSICALLY SIMILAR ORGANISMS THAT CAN PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING
HOMINOIDS
THE BIOLOGICAL SUPERFAMILY THAT INCLUDES HUMANS GREAT APES, AND GIBBONS
PHYLOGENY
THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A SPECIES
ONTOGENY
THE GROWHT AND DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
NUCLEAR DNA
DNA LOCATED IN THE CELL NUCLEUS; COMBINES FROM EACH PARENT
M DNA
DNA LOCATED OUTSIDE OF THE CELL NUCLEUS; INHERITED EXCLUSIVELY FROM THE MOTHER
MOLECULAR CLOCK
METHOD THAT ALLOWS THE TIMING OF THE SPLIT BETWEEN LINEAGES TO BE CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF THE DEGREE OF GENETIC SIMILARITY
PALEOANTHROPOLOGISTS
SCIENTISTS WHO STUDY THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF HOMINOIDS
AEGYTOPITHECUS
A FOSSIL PRIMATE THAT LIVED 56-23 MILLION YEARS AGO
MIOCENE ERA
THE PERIOD 23 MILLION TO 5 MILLION YEARS AGO WHEN THERE WAS AN EXPLOSION IN THE NUMBER OF HOMINOID SPECIES
HOMININS
THE MEMBERS OF THE HUMAN LINEAGE AFTER IT SPLIT WITH THE CHIMPANZEE LINEAGE
SAHELANTHROPUS TCHADENSIS
A POSSIBLE EARLY MEMBER OF THE HOMININ LINEAGE. FOSSILS OF THE SPECIES WAS DISCOVERED IN CHAD IN LEVELS DATING TO 7 MILLION YEARS AGO
RADIATION
A PERIOD IN WHICH THERE IS A RAPID INCREASE IN THE DIVERSITY OF A SINGLE LINEAGE. DURING THE PERIOD BETWEEN 4 MILLION AND 2 MILLION YEARS AGO, THERE WAS A RADIATION IN THE HOMININ LINEAGE
AUSTRALOPITHECINE
A HOMININ GENUS THAT LIVED IN AFRICA BETWEEN 4 MILLION AND 2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO
HOMO HABILIS
THIS HOMININ IS THE EARLIEST SPECIES TO BE ASSIGNED TO THE GENUS HOMO
HOMO ERECTUS
THE FIRST HOMININ FOUND ON SITES OUTSIDE OF AFRICA. THIS EARLIEST KNOWN HOMO ERECTUS FOSSILS DATE TO THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1.9 AND 1.5 MILLION YEARS AGO
EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY
A GEOLOGICAL FEATURE STRETCHING FROM EAST AFRIC TO THE MIDDLE EAST THT IS THE RICHEST CONTEXT FOR THE RECOVERY OF EARLY HOMININ ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
OLDUVAI GORGE
THE MOST IMPRESSIVE AND IMPORTANT LOCATION IN THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY FOR THE STUYD OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
LOWER PALEOLITHIC
THE PERIOD WHEN HOMININS BEGAN PRODUCING STONE TOOLS
OLDOWAN
LOWER PALEOLITHIC STONE TOOL INDUSTRY, DATED BETWEEN 1.9 AND 1.15 MILLION YEARS AGO, CHARACTERIZED BY CHOPPERS AND FLAKES
ACHEULIAN
LOWER PALEOLITHIC STONE TOOL INDUSTRY DATED IN AFRICA BETWEEN 1.7 MILLION AND 200,000 YEARS AGO, CHARACTERIZED BY BIFACIAL TOOLS INCLUDING HANDAXES AND CLEAVERS
BIFACES
CHARACTERISTIC TOOLS OF THE ACHEULIAN. BIFACES INCLUDE HANDAXES AND CLEAVERS
HADAR
LOCATION IN THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT VALLEY WHERE MANY IMPORTANT FOSSILS, INCLUDING THE NEAR COMPLETE FOSSIL OF AN AUSTRALOPITHECINE, AND THE EARLIEST KNOWN STONE TOOLS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED
LOKALALEI
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN KENYA DATING TO 2.3 MILLION YEARS AGO. ANALYSIS OF REFIT CORES FROM THE SITE INDICATES THAT STONE TOOL MANUFACTURE AT THIS EARLY DATE WAS MORE COMPLEX THAN ANTICIPATED
FLK NORTH
THE SITE IN OLDUVAI GORGE WHERE THE REMAINS OF AN ELEPHANT WERE FOUND TOGETHER WITH STONE TOOLS
HOME-BASE/FOOD-SHARING MODEL
MODEL DEVELPED BY GLYNN ISAAC THAT SEES THE SHARING OF MEAT AT BASE CAMPS AS A FUNDAMENTAL PART OF THE LIVES OF EARLY HOMININS
DK
THE SITE AT OLDUVAI GORGE WHERE A STONE CIRCLE WAS FOUND, SUGGESTING EVIDENCE OF A TEMPORARY, STRUCTURE BUILT ON A HOME-BASE SITE
DISPERSAL
AN EVENT WHERE A SINGLE SPECIES DRAMATICALLY EXPANDS ITS RANGE
DMANISI
THE OLDEST KNOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OUTSIDE OF AFRICA, LOCATED IN THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA AND DATED BETWEEN 1.7 AND 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO
SANGIRAN AND PERNING
SITES ON THE ISLAND OF JAVA WHERE FOSSILS OF HOMO ERECTUS DATING TO 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO WERE FOUND
NIHEWAN BASIN
LOCATION IN NORTHERN CHINA WHERE THERE IS SOLID EVIDENCE OF HUMAN OCCUPATION AROUND 1.6 MILLION YEARS AGO
PLEISTOCENE
THE GEOLOGICAL ERA THAT BEGAN 1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO, CHARACTERIZED BY THE FREQUENT BUILDUP AND RETREAT OF CONTINENTAL ICE SHEETS
OXYGEN ISOTOPE CURVE
THE RECORD OF FLUCTUATIONS IN GLOBAL CLIMATE DURING THE PLEISTOCENE
GRAN DOLINA, ATAPUERCA
A CAVE IN SPAIN WHERE STONE TOOLS AND HOMININ REMAINS DATED TO 800,000 YEARS AGO WERE FOUND. THESE ARTIFACTS ARE THE OLDEST RELIABLE EVIDENCE OF HUMAN OCCUPATION OF WESTERN EUROPE
BOSE
A SITE IN SOUTHERN CHINA THAT PRODUCED A STONE TOOL INDUSTRY THAT INCLUDES HANDAXES DATED TO 800,000 YEARS AGO
GESHER BENOT YA'AKOV
AN ACHEULIAN SITE IN ISRAEL DATING TO 780,000 YEARS AGO THAT HAS PRODUCED LIMITED EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF FIRE AND FOR CRACKING OF NUTS
EURASIAN ACHEULIAN
A STONE TOOL INDUSTRY FOUND ON SITES THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE EAST AND EUROPE BEGINNING 500,000 YEARS AGO. THE HANDAXES IS THE CHARACTERISTIC TOOL OF THIS INDUSTRY
BOXGROVE
ONE OF THE OLDEST KNOWN ACHEULIAN SITES IN EUROPE; LOCATED IN ENGLAND AND DATED TO 500,000 YEARS AGO
ZHOUKOUDIAN
A SERIES OF CAVES IN LONGU-SHAN OR DRAGON BONE HILL, OUTSIDE OF BEIJING, CHINA WHERE THE REMAINS OF MORE THAN 40 HOMO ERECTUS INDIVIDUALS AND OVER 100,000 STONE CHOPPERS AND FLAKS WERE DISCOVERED
BEECHES PIT
A SITE IN ENGLAND DATING TO 400,000 YEARS AGO THAT HAS PRODUCED COMPELLING EVIDENCE FOR THE USE OF FIRE IN THE LOWER PALEOLITHIC
SCHONINGEN
THE LOCATION IN GERMANY WHERE 400,000 YEAR OLD WOODEN SPEARS WERE DISCOVERED
BLACHE-SAINT VAST
THE SITE IN FRANCE WHRE THE OLDEST KNOWN FOSSIL OF A NEANDERTHAL, DATED TO 175,000 YEARS AGO, WAS FOUND
MEZMAISKAYA CAVE
THE LOCATION THAT HAS PRODUCED THE MOST RECENT NEANDERTHAL FOSSIL, DATED TO 30,000 YEARS AGO
MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIOD DURING WHICH NEANDERTHALS OCCUPIED EUROPE
PREPARED CORE TECHNOLOGY
THE DOMINANT APPROACH TO TOOL MANUFACTURE DURING HE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC; A TECHNIQUE IN WHICH THE PERSON MAKING THE TOOLS CAREFULLY SHAPED THE CORE TO CONTROL THE FORM OF THE FLAKES PRODUCED
FRISON EFFECT
DUE TO RESHARPENING, THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH THE SHAPE OF STONE TOOLS CHANGES DURING THEIR USE-LIFE
LEVALLOIS METHOD
A PARTICULAR PREPARED CORE TECHNOLOGY USED DUIRNG THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC THAT CAN OFTEN BE RECOGNIZED ON THE BASIS OF TORTOISE SHAPED CORES
KEBARA CAVE
A SITE IN ISRAEL WHERE EXCAVATIONS HAVE PRODUCED IMPORTANT EVIDENCE ABOUT THE NATURE OF NEANDERTHAL OCCUPATION OF CAVES, AS WELL AS ONE OF THE MOST COMPLETE SKELETONS OF A NEANDERTHAL
AMUD CAVE
THE LOCATION WHERE NEANDERTHAL CHILD WAS FOUND BURIED WITH THE UPPER JAW OF A RED DEER
MODERN HUMAN
MEMBERS OF THE SPECIES HOMO SAPIENS, WHICH INDICATES ALL LIVING HUMANS
HOMO SAPIENS
THE SPECIES NAME FOR MODERN HUMANS
HERTO
A SITE IN ETHIOPIA WHER THE OLDEST KNOWN FOSSIL OF A MODERN HUMAN WAS DISCOVERED DATING TO BETWEEN 160,000 AND 154,000 YEARS AGO
KLASIES RIVER MOUTH
A MIDDLE AGE SITE IN SOUTH AFRIC THAT HAS PRODUCED REMAINS OF MODERN HUMANS AND THAT OFFERS EVIDENCE OF HUNTING AND THE INTENSIVE USE OF FIRE
BORDER CAVE
ONE OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN SITES WHERE FOSSILS OF MODERN HUMANS DATED TO BETWEEN 120,000 AND 70,000 YEARS AGO WERE DISCOVERED
MIDDLE STONE AGE
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIOD OF THE EARLIEST MODERN HUMANS IN AFRICA. THE MIDDLE STONE AGE BEGAN BETWEEN 300,000 AND 2000,000 YEARS AGO AND ENDED AROUND 40,000 YEARS AGO
ATERIAN
A NORTH AFRICA STONE TOOL INDUSTRY DISTINGUISHED BY THE PRESENCE OF POINTS WIHT A PRONOUNCED TANG--A SMALL PROJECTION LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE POINT AND USED TO SECURE THE POINT TO A SPEAR HANDLE
SANGOAN/LUPEMBAN
A MIDDLE STONE AGE INDUSTRY FOUND IN CENTRAL AND EAST AFRICA. CHARACTERIZED BY VERY CRUDE HEAVY-DUTY TOOLS, THE SANGOAN/LUPEMBAN MIGHT BE INDICATIVE OF AN ADAPTATION TO A HEAVILY WOODED ENVIRONMENT
HOWIESONS POORT
A MIDDLE STONE AGE INDUSTRY FOUND IN SOUTHERN AFRICA THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY SMALL CRESCENT SHAPED STONE TOOLS
KATANDA
A MIDDLE STONE AGE SITE IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO WHERE BONE HARPOONS HAVE BEEN FOUND
PINNACLE POINT
A SITE ON THE SOUTHERN COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA THAT HAS PRODUCED EVIDENCE THAT MOLLUSKS WERE PART OF THE DIET OF MODERN HUMANS AS EARLY AS 160,000 YEARS AGO
BLOMBOS CAVE
A SITE IN SOUTH AFRICA WHERE PIECES OF OCHRE WITH INCISED DECORATION WHERE FOUND IN A MIDDLE STONE AGE LEVEL DATED TO 77,000 YEARS AGO
QAFZEH CAVE
ONE OF THE SITES IN ISRAEL WHERE MODERN HUMAN SKELETONS WERE FOUND IN A MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC CONTEXT
SKHUL CAVE
ONE OF THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC SITES IN ISRAEL WHERE MODERN HUMAN SKELETON HAVE BEEN FOUND
UPPER PALEOLITHIC
THE ARCHEOLOGICAL PERIOD THAT SAW THE EARLIEST OCCUPATION OF EUROPE BY MODERN HUMANS
MIDDLE TO UPPER PALEOLITHIC TRANSITION
THE ARCHEOLOGICAL PERIOD THAT SAW THE APPEARANCE OF MODERN HUMANS IN EUROPE. IT INCLUDES THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TYPES OF STONE AND BONE TOOLS AND THE DRAMATIC APPEARANCE OF A WHOLE RANGE OF SYMBOLIC ARTIFACTS
ST. CESAIRE
A SITE IN FRANCE WHERE A NEANDERTHAL WAS FOUND DATING TO 36,000 YEARS AGO
PESTERA CU OASE CAVE
THE SITE IN ROMANIA WHERE THE OLDEST MODERN HUMAN REMAINS IN EUROPE, DATING TO 36,000, WERE FOUND
ABRIGO LAGAR VELHO
A SITE IN PORTUGAL WHERE THE SKELETON OF A MODERN HUMAN CHILD DATING TO 24,500 YEARS AGO WAS DISCOVERED
THE DISCOVERY IS THOUGHT BY SOME TO SUPPORT THE HYBRIDIZATION MODEL
SZELETIAN
AN ARCHEOLOGICAL INDUSTRY FOUND IN EASTERN EUROPE DURING THE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC AND UPPER PALEOLITHIC. BIFACIALLY RETOUCHED TOOLS ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SZELETIAN
ULLUZIAN
AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDUSTRY FOUND IN ITALY DURING HE TRANSITION BETWEEN THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC AND UPPER PALEOLITHIC. ARCHED BACKED KNIVES ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ULLUZIAN
CHATELPERRONIAN
AN ARCHEOLOGICAL INDUSTRY FOUND IN FRANCE AND NORTHERN SPAIN IDENTIFIED AS TRANSITIONAL BETWEEN THE MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC AND UPPER PALEOLITHIC
ARCY-SUR-CURE
A SITE IN NORTHERN FRANCE WHERE EXCAVATORS DISCOVERED A RICH COLLECTION OF ORNAMENTS, BONE TOOLS, AND CHATELPERRONIAN STONE TOOLS
AURIGNACIAN
THE EARLIEST UPPER PALEOLITHIC PERIOD. AURIGNACIAN INDUSTRIES HAVE BEEN FOUND ON SITES ACROSS EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST
ZAFARRAYA CAVE
A SITE IN SPAIN WHERE THE DISCOVERY OF NEANDERTHAL REMAINS DATED BETWEEN 33,000 AND 27,000 YEARS AGO SUGGESTS THAT AT LEAST IN THIS AREA NEADERTHALS SURIVED LONG AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF MODERN HUMANS IN EUROPE
VINDIJA CAVE
A SITE IN CROATIA WHERE THE DISCOVERY OF NEANDERTHAL REMAINS HAVE BEEN DATED TO 29,000 YEARS AGO
GRAVETTIAN
THE SECOND MAJOR UPPER PALEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIOD IN EUROPE
HOHLENSTEIN
A SITE IN GERMANY WHERE A LION-HEADED FIGURE WAS FOUND IN LEVELS IWTH AN AURIGNACIAN INDUSTRY
HOHLE FELS
A SITE IN GERMANY WHERE BONE FLUTES AND A FEMALE FIGURINE HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN LEVELS DATING TO THE AURIGNACIAN
VENUS FIGURINES
PORTABLE ART OBJECTS THAT ARE FOUND WITH THE GRAVETTIAN INDUSTRY AND TAHT DEPICT THE FEMALE BODY
CHAUVET CAVE
THE EARLIEST KNOWN PAINTED CAVE, DATED TO BETWEEN 38,000 AND 33,000 YEARS AGO. IT IS LOCATED IN FRANCE
NGANDONG
SITE ON THE ISLAND OF JAVA WHERE THE MOST RECENT KNOWN FOSSIL OF HOMO ERECTUS WAS FOUND, DATING TO BETWEEN 46,000 AND 27,000 YEARS AGO
SAHUL
THE LANDMASS THAT ENCOMPASSED AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA, AND NEW GUINEA DURING PERIODS OF LOW SEA LEVEL
SUNDA
THE LANDMASS THAT CONNECTED MUCH OF SOUTHEAST ASIA DURING PERIODS OF LOW SEA LEVEL
WALLACE LINE
THE LINE THAT RUNS THROUGH WALLACE AND SEPARATES THE UNIQUE ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF AUSTRALIA FROM THE ANIMAL AND PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
NAUWALABILA I
THE SITE THAT OFFERS THE EARLIEST SECURE EVIDENCE OF HUMAN OCCUPATION OF AUSTRALIA, DATING BETWEEN 60,000 AND 53,000 YEARS AGO
LAKE MUNGO
ONE IN A SERIES OF DRIED-OUT LAKES LOCATED IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA WHERE EVIDENCE OF HUMAN OCCUPATION DATES TO BETWEEN 50,000 AND 46,000 YEARS AGO
FIRE-STICK FARMING
A TERM USED BY RHYS JONES TO DESCRIBE THE ABORIGINAL USE OF FIRE IN AUSTRALIA
GUNBILNGMURRUNG
A SITE IN AUSTRALIA WHERE A BEESWAX FIGURE OF A TURTLE WAS FOUND, RADIOCARBON DATED TO 40,000 YEARS AGO
LAPITA
A CULTURE THAT SPREAD ACROSS A VAST AREA OF MELANESIA BEGINNING 3,500 YEARS AGO AND REACHED AS FAR AS THE ISLANDS OF SAMOA AND TONGA
CLOVIS FIRST MODEL
CLOVIS CULTURE, DATED TO 13,500 TO 12,500 YEARS AGO, IS THE FIRST HUMAN OCCUPATION IN THE AMERICAS
PRE-CLOVIS MODEL
HUMAN OCCUPATION OF THE AMERICAS PREDATES 13,500 YEARS AGO
EARLY ARRIVAL MODEL
HUMAN OCCUPATION OF THE AMERICAS BEGAN AS EARLY AS 30,000 TO 40,000 YEARS AGO
BLACKWATER DRAW
A SITE NEAR CLOVIS, NEW MEXICO, WHERE SPEARPONITS WERE FOUND IN LEVELS BELOW FOLSOM POINTS
CLOVIS CULTURE
THE PERIOD MANY NORTH AMERICAN ARCHEOLOGISTS VIEW AS THE INITIAL HUMAN OCCUPATION OF TEH AMERICAS, DATED TO BETWEEN 13,500 AND 12,500 YEARS AGO
BERINGIA
A LAND BRIDGE THAT CONNECTED ASIA AND NORTH AMERICA DURING PERIODS OF LOW SEA LEVEL
ICE-FREE CORRIDOR
A POTENTIAL MIGRATION ROUTE FOR POPULATIONS EXPANDING OUT OF BERINGIA, RUNNING BETWEEN THE CORDILLERAN AND LAURENTIDE ICE SHEETS
NENANA
THE EARLIEST CULTURE IN BERINGIA, DATING TO BETWEEN 14,000 AND 12,8000 YEARS AGO
MEADOWCROFT ROCKSHELTER
A SITE IN PENNSYLVANIA WHERE EVIDENCE WAS FOUND SUPPORTING PRE-CLOVIS OCCUPATION OF THE NEW WORLD
MONTE VERDE
A SITE IN CHILE WHERE EVIDENCE OF HUMAN OCCUPATION 15,000 YEARS AGO SUPPORTS THE ARGUMENT THAT CLOVIS CULTURE DOES NOT REPRESENT THE FIRST OCCUPATION OF TEH AMERICAS
PEDRA PINTADA
A SITE IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON THAT DEMONSTRATES THAT THERE WERE GROUPS CONTEMPORARY WITH THE CLOVIS THAT WERE LIVING IN SOUTH AMERICA IN A RAIN FOREST ENVIRONMENT
COASTAL MIGRATION
THE ROUTE SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTS SAY WAS USED BY THE EARLIEST PEOPLE IN THE AMERICAS TO MOVE OUT OF BERINGIA INSTEAD OF MOVING THROUGH AN ICE-FREE CORRIDOR
PEDRA FURADA
A SITE IN BRAZIL WHERE HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL EVIDENCE OF HUMAN OCCUPATION, DATING BETWEEN 48,000 AND 35,OOO YEARS AGO, WAS FOUND
SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS
THE PROPOSAL THAT THE ORIGIN OF THE CLOVIS CULTURE WAS IN THE MIGRATION OF GROUPS FROM THE SOLUTREAN CULTURE OF SOUTHERN FRANCE
KENNEWICK
SKELETAL REMAINS FOUND AT KENNEWICK, WASHINGTON, AND DATED TO 9,200 YEARS AGO. CONTROL AND OWNERSHIP OF HE REMAINS HAVE BEEN THE SUBJECT OF CONTROVERSY
WILSON-LEONARD SITE
A SITE IN TEXAS WITH A STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE THAT INCLUDES BOTH PALEOINDIAN AND ARCHAIC OCCUPATION
NEWMAN LAKE
A LAKE IN FLORIDA WHERE A LARGE NUMBER OF ARCHAIC CANOES HAVE RECOVERED
WATSON BRAKE
A SERIES OF MOUND IN LOUISIANA BUITL BETWEEN 5,400 AND 5,000 YEARS AGO THAT PROVIDE THE EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF MONUMENTAL CONSTRUCTION IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
LEWIS HENRY MORGAN
A NINETEENTH CENTURY AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST WHO VIEWED THE TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE AS MARKING THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE PERIOD OF "SAVAGERY" AND THE PERIOD OF "BARBARISM"
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
THE TERM V. GORDON CHILDRE USED TO DESCRIBE THE TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE AS AN EVENT THAT AFFECTED EVERY ASPECT OF HUMAN SOCIETY
DAVID RINDOS
AN ARCHEOLOGIST WHO SAW AGRICULTURE AS THE RESULT OF COEVOLUTIONARY PROCESS INVOLVING A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHP BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES
TIM INGOLD
AN ANTHROPOLOGIST WHO VIEWS THE SHIFT FROM HUNTING TO AGRICULTURE AS A SHIFT FROM TRUST TO DOMINATION
MARSHALL SAHLINS
AN ANTHROPOLOGIST WHO DESCRIBED HUNTER-GATHERERS AS THE "ORIGINAL AFFLUENT SOCIETY"
ESTER BOSERUP
AN ECONOMIST WHOSE RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT INCREASED POPULATION SIZE MIGHT HAVE BEEN THE CAUSE OF THE SHIFT TO AGRICULTURE
BROAD SPECTRUM ADAPTATION
EXPLOITATION OF A WIDE RANGE OF PLANT ANIMAL RESOURCES CHARACTERISTIC OF MANY HUNTER-GATHER SOCIETIES THAT PRECEDED THE SHIFT TO AGRICULTURE
DOMESTICATION
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS, ON THE ONE HAND, AND PLANTS AND ANIMALS, ON THE OTHER, IN WHICH THE HUMANS PLAY AN INTEGRAL ROLE IN THE PROTECTION AND REPRODUCTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS
TECHNOLOGY
THE TOOLS USED FOR DAILY TASKS, INCLUDING FARMING, FOOD PROCESSING, AND FOOD STORAGE
COMMUNITY
THE TERM APPLIED TO THE CHANGES IN SOCIETY AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE TRANSITION TO AN AGRICULTURAL WAY LIFE
FERTILE CRESCENT
A RIBBON OF MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE THAT ARCS ACROSS THE MIDDLE EAST. IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY DRY SUMMERS AND WINTER RAINS WITH ENOUGH PRECIPITATION TO SUPPORT VEGETATION RANGING FROM WOODLANDS TO OPEN-PARK WOODLANDS
OHALO
A KEBARAN SITE IN NORTHERN ISRAEL WITH EXCELLENT PRESERVATION OF ORGANIC REMAINS
NATUFIAN
SOCIETIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST THAT PRACTICED A BROAD-SPECTRUM SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY THAT RELIED ON A WIDE RANGE OF RESOURCES
MALLAHA
A NATUFIAN SITE IN NORTHERN ISRAEL WITH THE REMAINS OF OVAL STONE STRUCTURES
LUNATE
TINY CRESCENT-SHAPED STONE TOOL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE NATUFIAN
YOUNGER DRYAS
A PERIOD OF GLOBAL CLIMATIC STRESS THAT HAD A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON NATUFIAN SOCIETY
ABU HUREYRA
A SITE ON THE EUPHRATES RIVER IN SYRIA THAT WAS OCCUPIED DURING THE NATUFIAN AND THE NEOLITHIC PERIODS
NETIV HAGDUD
A PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC A SITE IN THE JORDAN VALLEY THAT WAS A VILLAGE OF BETWEEN 20 AND 30 HOUSES
JERICHO TOWER
A 9-METER-HIGH STRUCTURE MADE OF UNDRESSED STONE AND MUD BRICK DATING TO TEH PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC A
JERF EL AHMAR
A PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC A SITE ON THE EUPHRATES RIVER IN SYRIA WITH THE REMAINS OF COMMUNAL STRUCTURES
PLASTERED SKULLS
HUMAN SKULL ON WHICH A PLASTER FACE HAS BEEN MODELED; FOUND BURIED BENEATH FLOORS ON SITES DATING TO THE PRE-POTTERY NEOLITHIC B PERIOD
RACHIS
THE PART OF A CEREAL PLANT THAT HOLDS THE SEED TO THE STALK AND KEEPS THE SEED ON THE PLANT UNTIL IT IS HARVESTED
CATALHOYUK
A LATE NEOLITHIC SITE IN TURKEY THAT INCLUDES ROOMS DECORATED WITH ELABORATE FRESCOES
LANGUAGE DISPERSAL HYPOTHESIS
THE THEORY THAT THE SPREAD OF AGRICULTURE ACROSS EUROPE WAS THE RESULT OF THE MIGRATION OF FARMERS WHO SPOKE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES
LEPENSKI VIR
AN IMPRESSIVE MESOLITHIC SITE ALONG THE DANUBE RIVER IN SERBIA WHERE STRUCTURES, BURIALS, AND SCULPTURES WRE FOUND
LINEAR BAND KERAMIK
THE TERM REFERRING TO THE EARLIEST FARMING COMMUNITIES THAT EMERGED AROUND 7,200 YEARS AGO IN CENTRAL AND WESTERN EUROPE CULTURE; ALSO REFERRED TO AS LBK
TALHEIM
A LBK SITE IN GERMANY WHERE A PIT CONTAINING A MASS GRAVE WAS DISCOVERED
TEOSINTE
A WILD GRASS FOUND IN THE HIGHLANDS OF MEXICO, THE WILD ANCESTOR OF MAIZE
TEHUACAN VALLEY
A VALLEY IN THE HIGHLANDS WHERE EXCAVATIONS BY RICHARD MACNEISH RECOVERED SOME OF HTE EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF DOMESTICATED PLANTS IN MESOAMERICA
GUILA NAQUITZ
A SITE IN OAXACA, MEXICO, THAT HAS PRODUCED THE EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF DOMESTICATED PLANTS IN MESOAMERICA
ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY
A REFINED METHOD OF RADIOCARBON DATING THAT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO DATE VERY SMALL SAMPLES, INCLUDING PLANT REMAINS
CERRO JUANAQUENA
AN EARLY AGRICULTURAL SITE IN NORTHERN MEXICO WITH EXTENSIVE EVIDENCE OF TERRACING AND OTHER STONE BUILT FEATURES
OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY
A THEORY BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE CHOICES PEOPLE MAKE REFLECT RATIONAL SELF-INTEREST IN MAXIMIZING EFFICIENCY WHEN COLLECTING AND PROCESSING RESOURCES
MILAGRO
AN EARLY AGRICULTURAL VILLAGE LOCATED OUTSIDE TUCSON, ARIZONA
LAS CAPAS
A SITE NEAR TUCSON, ARIZONA, WHERE AN ARCHAIC VILLAGE AND CANAL SYSTEM HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED
SHELL MIDDENS
SITES BUILT UP WITH LARGE ACCUMULATIONS OF DISCARDED SHELLS
POVERTY POINT
A LATE ARCHAIC SITE IN LOUISIANA WITH A SERIES OF SIX CONCENTRIC EMBANKMENTS
ADENA
A PEIOD OF INTENSIVE MOUND BUILDING IN THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY; IT CORRESPONDS TO THE EARLY WOODLAND CULTURE
HOPEWELL
A PERIOD OF INTENSIVE MOUND BUILDING IN THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY; IT CORRESPONDS TO TEH MIDDLE WOODLAND CULTURE
VACANT CENTER PATTERN
THE MODEL THAT SEES THE HOPEWELL EARTHWORKS AS THE EMPTY CORE OF A DISPERSED SETTLEMENT SYSTEM
ISOTOPE ANALYSIS
THE STUDY OF DIET THROUGH THE CHEMICAL SIGNATURE OF BONES; PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE IN TRACING THE SPREAD OF MAIZE AGRICULTURE
SAHARA DESERT
THE MOST DOMINANT FEATURE OF HE NORTH AFRICAN LANDSCAPE TODAY. BETWEEN 14,000 AND 4,500 YEARS AGO, THERE WAS INCREASED RAINFALL IN THE AREA, ALLOWING FOR HUMAN OCCUPATION
NABTA PLAYA
AN AREA IN THE EGYPTIAN WESTERN DESERT THAT WAS THE LOCATION OF A SERIES OF EARLY AGRICULTURAL AND PREAGRICULTURAL SITES LOCATED ALONG THE EDGE OF A LAKE
UAN AFUDA
A PREAGRICULTURAL SITE IN THE SAHARA THAT YIELDED EVIDENCE THAT WILD GOATS WERE KEPT IN PENS IN THE BACK OF A CAVE
GOBERO
A SITE IN THE SAHARA ALONGSIDE AN ANCIENT LAKE WHERE A HUNTER-GATHERER OCCUPATION DATING BETWEEN DISCOVERED
PASTORAL SOCIETIES
MOBILE SOCIETIES WITH AN ECONOMY BASED ON HERDS OF DOMESTICATED ANIMALS
KUK SWAMP
A SITE IN HIGHLAND NEW GUINEA THAT HAS PRODUCED EARLY EVIDENCE OF AGRICULTURE
HUMBOLDT CURRENT
A CURRENT THAT BEINGS COOL WATERS FROM THE SOUTH UP ALONG THE ANDEAN COAST, ACCOUNTING FOR THE REMARKABLE WEALTH OF MARIN RESOURCES IN THE AREA
GUITARRERO CAVE
SIT EIN THE ANDEAN HIGHLANDS OF PERU WHERE EXCAVATIONS UNCOVERED THE EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF DOMESTICATED BEANS DATING TO 4,300 YEARS AGO
LLAMAS
CAMELID ANIMALS DOMESTICATED IN THE ANDEAN HIGHLANDS; GUANACOS ARE THE ANCESTRAL SPECIES OF LLAMAS
ALPACAS
CAMELID ANIMALS DOMESTICATED IN THE ANDEAN HIGHLANDS; VICUNAS ARE THE ANCESTRAL SPECIES OF ALPACAS
PALOMA
A PREAGRICULTURAL VILLAGE SITE ON THE COAST OF PERU
COTTON PRECERAMIC
THE PERIOD BEGINNING 5,700 YEARS AGO WHEN SITES WITH MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE FLOURISHED ON THE COAST OF PERU
EL NINO
A SEVERE REVERSAL OF THE HUMBOLDT CURRENT THAT CAUSES A MASSIVE DECLINE IN MARINE RESOURCES ALONG THE ANDEAN COAST
RICE
A MAJOR CEREAL CROP DOMESTICATED IN SOUTHERN CHINA IN THE YANGTZE AND HUAI RIVER VALLEYS
MILLET
A CEREAL CROP DOMESTICATED IN NORTHERN CHINA IN THE REGINO AROUND THE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY
YANGTZE AND HUAI RIVER VALLEY
THE AREA OF SOUTHERN CHINA WHERE RICE WAS DOMESTICATED
YELLOW RIVER VALLEY
THE AREA IN NORTHERN CHINA WHERE MILLET WAS DOMESTICATED
JOMON
JAPANESE PREAGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES THAT LIVED IN LARGE VILLAGES AND PRODUCED ELABORATE POTTERY
PENGTOUSHAN
A SITE IN SOUTHERN CHINA THAT HAS PRODUCED SOME OF THE EARLIEST EVIDENCE OF DOMESTICATED RICE DATING TO APPROXIMATELY 9,000 YEARS AGO
YANGSHAO CULTURE
A NEOLITHIC CULTURE IN NORTHERN CHINA THAT IS PARTICULARLY WELL REPRESENTED IN THE VILLAGE SITE OF BANPO
BANPO
A LARGE FARMING VILLAGE LOCATED IN THE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY (CHINA) DATING TO THE YANGSHOU CULTURE
HEMUDU
A WELL-PRESERVED RICE FARMING VILLAGE IN SOUTHERN CHINA
LEGITIMACY
A QUALITY OR STATUS ACHIEVED WHEN THE RIGHT OF A CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY TO HAVE POWER IS ACCEPTED. LEGITIMACY CAN BE BASED ON CONSENSUS OR ON COERCION
EGALITARIAN SOCIETY
A SOCIETY IN WHICH THE ONLY DIFFERENCES IN STATUS ARE BASED ON SKILL, AGE, AND GENDER
RANKED SOCIETY
A SOCIETY IN HICH THER IS A HIERARCHY OF PRESTIGE NOT LINKED TO AGE, GENDER, OR ABILITY
STRATIFIED SOCIETY
A SOCIETY IN WHICH ACCESS TO KEY RESOURCES IS LINKED TO PRESTIGE
STATES
SOCIETIES IN WHICH POWER IS ORGANIZED ON A SUPER-KIN BASIS OR BY A BUREAUCRACY THAT USES FORCEU
URBAN SOCIETY
A SOCIETY IN WHICH PEOPLE LIVE IN LARGE CITIES. V. GORDON CHILDE DEVELOPED TEN CRITERIA DEFINING AN URBAN SOCIETY
EMPIRES
POLITICAL ENTITIES THAT BRING TOGETHER A DIVERSE AND HETEROGENEOUS GROUP OF SOCIETIES UNDER A SINGLE RULER
STONEHENGE
A RING OF MASSIVE STANDING STONES ON THE SALISBURY PLAIN, ENGLAND, THAT WAS CONSTRUCTED BEGINNING IN THE EARLY NEOLITHIC AND ENDING IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE
BLUESTONES
A RING OF STANDING STONE AT THE CENTER OF STONEHENGE. THE SOURCE OF THE STONES IS OVER 240 KILOMETERS FROM STONEHENGE
SARSEN CIRCLE
A CIRCLE OF MASSIVE UPRIGHT SANDSTONE BLOCKS CAPPED WITH LINTELS SET UP IN THE CENTRAL AREA OF STONEHENGE
TRILITHONS
THREE PARIS OF UPRIGHT SANDSTONE BLOCKS CAPPED WITH LINTELS AT STONEHENGE LOCATED WITHIN THE SARSEN CIRCLE
DURRINGTON WALLS
A SITE ON THE AVON RIVER NEAR STONEHENGE WITH THREE MONUMENTAL TIMBER CIRCLES AND EVIDENCE OF OCCUPATION
AMESBURY ARCHER
A BURIAL WITH A RANGE OF ELITE BURIAL GOOD FOUND NEAR STONEHENGE
CHACO CANYON
A CANYON IN NEW MEXICO THAT BECAME THE CENTER OF A REGIONAL SETTLEMENT NETWORK AND THE SITE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE MULTISTORIED STRUCTURES, KNOWN AS GREAT HOUSES, BEGINNING AROUND A.D. 800
GREAT HOUSES
LARGE MULTISTORIED STRUCTURES LOCATED AT CHACO CANYON, NEW MEXICO, THAT BECAME THE CENTER OF A REGIONAL SETTLEMENT NETWORK BEGINNING A.D. 800
PUEBLO BONITO
A MASSIVE 650-ROOM COMPLEX, THE LARGEST GREAT HOUSE IN CHACO CANYON
KIVAS
SUBTERRANEAN CIRCULAR CHAMBERS FOUND ON SITES IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
CHACOAN NETWORK
A ROAD SYSTEM THAT LINKS CHACO CANYON WITH SITES COVERING A LARGE PART OF WHAT IS TODAY THE FOUR CORNERS REGION OF HE AMERICAN SOUTHWEST
CAHOKIA
A LARGE SETTLEMENT DATING TO THE MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD LOCATED JUST OUTSIDE OF ST. LOUIS
MONK'S MOUND
A MASSIVE EARTHEN PYRAMID OCCUPYING THE CORE OF THE ANCIENT SETTLEMENT OF CAHOKIA
GRAND PLAZA
AN ARTIFICIALLY CLEARED AND LEVELED AREA AT THE CORE OF CAHOKIA LOCAED JUST TO THE SOUTH OF MONK'S MOUND
MOUND 72
A MOUND AT CAHOKIA WHERE EXCAVATION UNCOVERED AN INDIVIDUAL BURIED ON A BIRD-SHAPED PLATFORM MADE OF SHELLS, AS WELL AS MASS BURIALS OF APPARENTLY SACRIFICIAL VICTIMS
GREAT ZIMBABWE
A LARGE SETTLEMENT IN MODERN ZIMBABWE THAT INCLUDES THE REMAINS OF IMPRESSIVE STONE ENCLOSURES AND WAS BUILT BETWEEN A.D. 1300 AND A.D. 1400
DHAKA
A MIXTURE OF CLAY AND GRAVEL THAT WAS USED FOR BUILDING HUTS AT GREAT ZIMBABWE
MAPUNGUBWE
A PREDECESOR TO GREAT ZIMBABWE; LOCATED IN SOUTH AFRICA, IT FEATURES AN ELITE RESIDENCE SITUATED WITHIN A WALLED COMPOUND
MESOPOTAMIA
A REGION ALONG THE COURSE OF THE TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS CENTERED IN MODERN IRAQ
TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES
TWO LARGE RIVERS THAT WERE THE FOCUS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
URUK PERIOD
THE PERIOD BETWEEN 4000 AND 3200 B.C. DURING WHICH THE FIRST CITIES IN MESOPOTAMIA WERE DEVELOPED
EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD
THE PERIOD THAT FOLLOWS THE URUK PERIOD, DUIRNG WHICH SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA WAS HOME TO A SERIES OF CITY STATES
URUK
THE OLDEST KNOWN CITY IN THE WORLD, LOCATED IN SOUTHERN IRAQ
ZIGGURAT
STEPPED PYRAMID FOUND IN MANY MESOPOTAMIAN TEMPLE PRECINCTS
BEVEL-RIM BOWLS
SMALL UNDECORATED VESSELS MADE OF COARSE CLAY THAT ARE UBIQUITOUS ON URUK-PERIOD SITES
ROYAL TOMBS AT UR
TOMBS SATING THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD IN WHICH THE DEAD WERE BUIRED WITH A SPECTACULAR ARRAY OF PRECIOUS ARTIFACTS AND SACRIFICIAL VICTIMS
CUNEIFORM
A WRITING SYSTEM IN WHCIH SIGNS WERE IMPRESSED IN WET CLAY. CUNEIFORM WAS USED TO WRITE A RANGE OF LANGUAGES, INCLUDING SUMERIAN AND AKKADIAN
CYLINDER SEALS
ONE OF THE METHODS DEVELOPED BY MESOPOTAMIAN SCRIBES TO MARK OWNERSHIP
HABUBA KEBIRA
AN URUK COLONY LOCATED ON THE UPPER REACHES OF THE EUPHRATES RIVER IN NORTHERN SYRIA
NILE VALLEY
A SWATH OF LUSH VEGETATION DESCENDING FROM THE HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA AND STANDING IN SHARP CONTRAST TO THE SURROUND DESERT
UPPER EGYPT
THE SOUTHERN EGYPTIAN NILE RIVER VALLEY ENDING IN A SERIES OF CATARACTS, OR RAPIDS, IN THE AREA AROND THE MODERN BORDER BETWEEN EGYPT AND SUDAN
LOWER EGYPT
THE NORTHERN PART OF THE EGYPTIAN NILE RIVER VALLEY, INCLUDING THE NILE DELTA
NARMER PALETTE
ARTIFACT DISCOVERED AT THE SITE OF THE HIERAKONPOLIS; ITS TWO SIDES SHOW THE UNIFICATION OF UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT UNDER KING NARMER
FIRST DYNASTY
THE DYNASTY BASED IN HIERAKONPOLIS ND ABYDOS IN UPPER EGYPT
HIERAKONPOLIS
ALONG WITH ABYDOS, ONE OF THE TWO CENTERS OF EGYPT DURING HE LATE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD AND THE FIRST DYNASTY
ABYDOS
THE SITE OF THE ROYAL CEMETERY OF EGYPT DUIRN THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES
MA'AT
A CONCEPT THAT COMBINES THE VIRTUES OF BALANCE AND JUSTICE; IT WAS OF CENTRAL IMPORTANCE TO EGYPTIAN SOCIETY
SAQQARA
THE LOCATION OF THE STEPPED PYRAMID, THE EARLIEST PYRAMID CONSTRUCTED IN EGYPT. IN LATER PERIODS, SAQQARA CONTINUED TO BE USED AS A SACRED BURIAL AREA
KING DJOSER
THE THIRD DYNASTY EGYPTIAN KING WHO CONSTRUCTED THE FIRST PYRAMID, LOCATED AT SAQQARA
GIZA
THE SITE OF THE PYRAMIDS OF CHEOPS, CEPHEREN, AND MYCERINUS--MONUMENTS REPRESENTING THE APEX OF PYRAMID CONSTRUCTION IN OLD KINGDOM EGYPT
CHEOPS
A FOURTH DYNASTY EGYPTIAN KING WHO CONSTRUCTED THE FIRST AND LARGEST PYRAMID EVER BUILT AT GIZA
CEPHEREN
A FOURTH DYNASTY EGYPTIAN KING WHO CONSTRUCTED A PYRAMID AT GIZA THAT WAS SLIGHTLY SMALLER THAN THE ONE CONSTRUCTED BY CHEOPS. THE GREAT SPHINX IS LOCATED ALONGSIDE THE CEPHEREN VALLEY TEMPLE.
MYCERINUS
THE LAST FOURTH DYNASTY EGYPTIAN KING TO BUIDL A PYRAMID AT GIZA; IT WAS A SMALLER THAN THE OTHER PYRAMIDS AND AT LEAST PARTIALLY SHEATHED IN POLISHED GRANITE
AMARNA
A CITY BUILT BY THE HERETIC KING AKHENATEN AND ABANDONED AFTER HIS REIGN. EXCAVATION OF THIS CITY HAS PROVIDED A UNIQUE HORIZONTAL EXPOSURE OF AN EGYPTIAN URBAN CENTER
AKHENATEN
A RELIGIOUS REFORMER WHO BUIT THE CITY OF AMARNA
JENNE-JENO
THE SITE OF AN URBAN CENTER IN MALI, WEST AFRICA, THAT PREDATES EXTENSIVE EXTERNAL CONTACT
KNOSSOS
A SITE EXCAVATED BY ARTHUR EVANS THAT IS THE LARGEST MINOAN SETTLEMENT
MINOAN
A BRONZE AGE SOCIETY LOCATED ON THE ISLAND OF CRETE
MYCENAEAN
A BRONZE AGE SOCIETY THAT DEVELOPED ON THE PELOPONNESE PENINSULA AND IN CENTRAL GREECE
LION GATE
AN IMPORTANT EXAMPLE OF MYCENAEAN DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE
EARLY STATE MODULES
CONLIN RENFREW'S TERM TO DESCRIBE AUTONOMOUS POLITICAL UNITS
PEER POLITY INTERACTION
COLIN RENFREW'S TERM TO DESCRIBE THE FULL RANGE OF EXCHANGE TAKING PLACE BETWEEN AUTONOMOUS SOCIO-POLITICAL UNITS
HETERARCHY
THE RELATIONSHIP OF ELEMENTS TO ONE ANOTHER WHEN THEY ARE NOT RANKED
MEGARON
A LARGE HALL LOCATED AT THE CENTER OF THE MYCENAEAN PALACE
LINEAR B
A SCRIPT USED TO WRITE THE MYCENAEAN LANGUAGE; TEXTS IN LINEAR B ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION OF AEGEAN SOCIETY
WANAX
THE TITLE OF THE RULER IN LINEAR B TEXTS
AKROTIRI
A BRONZE AGE TOWN ON THE ISLAND OF THERA THAT WAS BUIRED BY A CATASTROPHIC VOLCANIC ERUPTION
THERA
A CYCLADIC ISLAND THAT WAS DEVASTATED BY A MAJOR VOLCANIC ERUPTION DURING THE BRONZE AGE
INDUS VALLEY
AN AREA EXTENDING ALONG THE COURSE OF THE INDUS RIVER THAT COVERS MUCH OF MODERN PAKISTAN AND THE KUTCH AND GUJARAT PROVINCES OF INDIA
HARAPPAN PERIOD
THE PERIOD BETWEEN 2600 B.C. AND 1900 B.C. DURING WHICH URBAN CENTERS DEVELOPED IN THE INDUS VALLEY
HARAPPA
ONE OF THE TWO MAJOR URBAN CENTERS OF THE HARAPPAN PERIOD
MOHENJO-DARO
ONE OF THE TWO MAJOR URBAN CENTERS OF THE HARAPPAN PERIOD
GREAT BATH
AN IMPRESSIVE STRUCTURE BUILT AROUND A RECTANGULAR BAISN AT TEH STIE OF MOHENJO-DARO. IT IS ONE OF THE FEW MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES FOUND ON A HARAPPAN SITE
HARAPPAN SCRIPT
A SCRIPT THAT HAS NOT YET BEEN DECIPHERED AND IS KNOWN MOSTLY FROM SMALL CARVED STONE SEALINGS USED TO MARK VESSELS AND BUNDLES
ORAL BONES
BONES THAT WERE USED IN DIVINATION RITUALS. INSCRIPTIONS ON ORACLE BONES ARE A MAOR SOURCE OF WRITTEN EVIDENCE ABOUT THE SHANG DYNASTY
SHANG DYNASTY
THE SECOND OF THREE POWERFUL DYNASTIES THAT EMERGED IN NORTHERN CHINA DUING THE PERIOD BETWEEN 2000 B.C. AND 500 B.C.
ERLITOU
A CITY IN THE YI-LUO VALLEY THAT PREDATES ANYANG
OLMEC
THE EARLIEST COMPLEX SOCIETY IN MESOAMERICA. OLMEC SITES ARE LOCATED ALONG THE GULF COAST OF MEXICO
MONTE ALBAN
SITE OF THE OLDEST CITY IN MESOAMERICA, LOCATED IN THE OAXACA VALLEY
TEOTIHUACAN
AN ENORMOUS CITY WITH A POPULATION OF OVER 80,000 LOCATED IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO AND ESTABLISHED AROUND 2,000 YEARS AGO
AVENUE OF THE DEAD
A ROAD THAT STRETCHES FOR 5 KILOMETERS THROUGH THE CENTER OF TEOTIHUACAN
PYRAMID OF THE SUN
THE LARGEST MONUMENT AT TEOTIHUACAN, RISING TO 64 METERS
CIUDADELA
A VERY LARGE COMPOUND IN TEOTIHUACAN THAT INCLUDES A LARGE COURTYARD WHERE THE TEMPLE OF THE FEATHERED SERPENT IS LOCATED
TEMPLE OF THE FEATHERED SERPENT
STRUCTURES AT THE BACK OF EH CIUDADELA ADORNED WITH THE SCULPTED HEADS OF THE FEATHERED SERPENT DEITY
PYRAMID OF THE MOON
A PYRAMID COMPLEX USED FOR BOTH SYMBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THE PRODUCTION OF MILITARY SUPPLIES AND LOCATED AT THE NORTH END OF THE AVENUE OF THE DEAD IN TEOTIHUACAN
COPAN
A LARGE MAYA CITY WITH TWO LARGE PYRAMIDS AND AN ELABORATE BALL COURT AT ITS CENTER
TIKAL
ONE OF THE MAJOR MAYA URBAN CENTERS
AGUATECA
A SITE THAT WAS ABANDONED AND BURNED, PROPERLY IN A MILITARY ATTACK, LEAVING ARCHAEOLOGISTS WITH A UNIQUE RECORD OF THE DAILY LIFE OF THE MAYA
MAYA HIEROGLYPHS
A COMPLEX COMBINATION OF PICTOGRAPHIC AND SYLLABIC SCRIPT THAT INITIALLY DEVELOPED TO RECORD MAJOR EVENTS IN THE LIVES OF RULERS
POPOL VUH
A MAYA MYTH THAT TELLS THE EPIC TALE OF HERO TWINS AND THEIR BATTLE WITH THE LORDS OF THE UNDERWORLD
TENOCHTITLAN
THE CAPITAL OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE AND THE LARGEST INDIGENOUS CITY EVER BUILT IN THE AMERICAS; LOCATED IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO
AZTEC EMPIRE
A LARGE MESOAMERICAN EMPIRE BASED IN TENOCHTITLAN
FLORENTINE CODEX
A DOCUMENT THAT IS A MAJOR SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON AZTEC HISTORY AND CULTURE; COMPILED SOON AFTER THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS
BERNARDO DE SAHAGUN
THE SPANISH FRIAR WHO COMPILED THE FLORENTINE CODEX
TOLTEC EMPIRE
AN EMPIRE THAT PRECEDED THE AZTECS IN THE VALLEY OF MEXICO. IT IS NOT CLEAR WHETHER THE TOLTEC CONTROLLED AREAS BEYOND THEIR CAPITAL CITY
TULA
THE CAPITAL CITY OF THE TOLTEC EMPIRE
AZTLAN
THE HOMELAND, POSSIBLY MYTHICAL, OF THE AZTECS
TEXCOCO
CITY TAHT WAS A MEMBER OF THE AZTEC TRIPLE ALLIANCE
TLAPOCAN
CITY THAT WAS A MEMBER OF THE AZTEC TRIPLE ALLIANCE
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
THE PACT BETWEEN THE CITIES OF TENOCHTITLAN, TELAPOCAN, AND TEXCOCO THAT FORMED THE BASIS OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE
CHINAMPAS
RAISED AGRICULTURAL BEDS BUILT IN SWAMPS; CRITICAL FOR AZTEC AGRICULTURE
OTUMBA
A SITE IN THE TEOTIHUACAN VALEY WHERE EXCAVATIONS HAVE PRODUCED EVIDENCE ABOUT THE NATURE OF THE AZTEC ORGANIZATION OF CRAFT PRODUCTION
TEMPLO MAYOR
DOUBLE PYRAMID AT THE CENTER OF TENOCHTITLAN THAT WAS TEH CORE OF THE AZTEC WORLD
COYOLXAUHQUI
A GODDESS KILLED BY THE AZTEC PATRON GOD HUITZILOPOCHTLI IN A CENTRAL EVENT IN AZTEC MYTHOLOGY
HUITZILOPOCHTLI
THE AZTEC PATRON GOD
TAWANTINSUYU
THE ICA NAME FOR THEIR EMPIRE; THE NAME MEANS "THE FOUR PARTS TOGETHER"
CHAVIN DE HUANTAR
A MAJOR CEREMONIAL CENTER IN THE ANDEAN HIGHLANDS CONSTRUCTED AROUND 800 B.C.
NASCA
A CULTURE THAT DEVELOPED ALONG THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC COAST OF PERU AT THE SAME TIME AS THE MOCHE SOCIETY
MOCHE
A CULTURE THAT DEVELOPED ALONG THE PACIFIC COAST OF PERU AND THAT FLOURISHED BEGINNING 2,000 YEARS AGO
AYLLUS
KIN-BASED FARMING COMMUNITIES THAT ARE IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF ANDEAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
NASCA LINES
LARGE-SCALE PATTERNS CREATED ON THE DESERT FLOOR NEAR THE NASCA RIVER ON THE ANDEAN COAST. THE NASCA LINES INCLUDE DEPICTIONS OF HUMANS AND ANIMALS AS WELL AS A LARGE NUMBER OF STRAIGHT LINES THAT STRETCH FOR MILES
CAHUACHI
A LARGE NASCA SITE THAT APPEARS TO HAVE SERVED AS A CENTER FOR PILGRIMAGE AND RITUAL FEASTING
HUACA DE SOL
A MASSIVE MOUND MADE OF OVER 140 MILLION AND BRICKS, LOCATED AT TEH SITE OF MOCHE
SIPAN
AN ELITE BURIAL SITE ON THE COAST OF PERU THAT HAS GIVEN ARCHAEOLOGISTS A SENSE OF THE WEALTH AND VIOLENCE OF MOCHE SOCIETY
SAN JOSE DE MORO
A MOCHE SITE WHERE ELITE BURIALS WITH AN IMPRESSIVE WEALTH OF BURIAL GOODS HAVE BEEN DISCOVEED
HUACA CAO VIEJO
A MOCHE SITE WHERE A MURAL SHOWING A LINE OF PRISONERS WAS FOUND
HUACA DE LA LUNA
A MASSIVE MUD-BRICK MOUND AT THE SITE OF MOCHE WHERE ACTUAL REMAINS OF SACRIFICIAL VICTIMS WERE UNCOVERED AND FOUND IN VARIOUS STATES OF DISMEMBERMENT
INCA EMPIRE
AN EMPIRE THAT THRIVED FOR OVER A CENTRY AND AT ITS PEAK RULED OVER 12 MILLION PEOPLE FROM NORTHERN CHILE TO ECUADOR
PANAQA
THE COLLECTIVE DESCENDANTS OF THE EMPEROR
MACHU PICCHU
AN INCA ROYAL ESTATE ON A HIGH MOUNTAIN PEAK AT THE WESTERN END OF THE URUBAMBA VALLEY
HUA'NUCO PAMPA
AN INCA CENTER 600 KILOMETERS NORTH OF CUZCO
KHIPU
A SYSTEM OF KNOTTED STRINGS USED BY THE INCA TO RECORD INFORMATION
About this deck
By: Tyi Johnson
Textbook: World Prehistory and Archaeology (2nd Edition) (MyAnthroLab Series)
Created: 2011-04-22
Size: 316 flashcards
Views: 91
Textbook:
World Prehistory and Archaeology (2nd Edition) (MyAnthroLab Series)Created: 2011-04-22
Size: 316 flashcards
Views: 91
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