Final Exam

Computer Science 1100 with Plaue at University of Georgia

About this deck

By: Anna Joyave
Created: 2011-05-04
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 40

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Alan Kay

"The best way to predict the future is to invent it."

Object Oriented Programming, windowing graphical user interface

Alan Turing

British mathematician who was influential in the development of computer science
Published a paper in 1936 called "On Computable Numbers"
Described the Turing Machine
"The extent to which we regarding something as behaving in an intelligent manner is determined as much by our own state of mind and training as by the properties of the object under consideration."

Grace Hopper

She worked with Howard Aiken's Mark 1 (The first large-scale digital computer)
Helped chart the course of the computer industry from its earlier days
Played central roles in the development of the first compiler and COBOL (the first computer language designed for developing business software).
Coined the term "computer bug"

Algorithm

a finite sequence of steps that achieves some task

Artificial Intelligence

the field of computer science devoted to making computers perceive, reason, and act in ways that have, until now, been reserved for human beings.

Assembly Language

functionally equivalent to machine language but easier for people to read, write, and understand

Assignment

gives a value to a variable (# of students in a class)

Automata Theory

the study of abstract machines and what these problems these machines can solve or model

aka automata, state machines, or finite-state machines

Cache Memory

special memory used by the CPU to reduce the time getting data from the RAM

Temporal VS. Special Locality

Temporal Locality

things retrieved from the memory that are likely to be retrieved again

Special Locality

likeliness in retrieving something around a piece of memory

Captcha

programs that protect against bots

generates and grades tests that humans can pass but computer programs cannot

Compiler

a type of computer language translator that makes most of today's software possible

translates and entire high-level program to machine language before executing the program

A typical compiler is an integrated programming environment containing a text editor, a compiler and a debugger to simplify the process

Conditional Statements

fundamental programming constructs because they allow a program to do different things based on certain input

Lets you choose between multiple "paths" of instruction statements

Distributed Computing

integrates all types of computers in the workplace, from mainframes to PCs, into one system

Electronic Cottage

a house in which technology allows one to work from home

Enterprise Computing Era

PCs are an essential part of the overall computing structure for most businesses

Workers use tools such as word processors, spreadsheets, desktop publishing, email.

Companies can replace PCs with thin clients (low maintenance and low cost)

Finite State Machine

Can be used to model many problems

electric design
networking communication
robotics
grammars of languages

mathematical abstraction used to determine computer logic
Behavioral mode composed of a finite number of states determined by several different external stimuli

Front-Side Bus (FSB)

carries data between the CPU and memory controller

Memory controller: controls the RAM

Function/Method

packaged set of statements that can be executed reqeatedly

Groupware

enables groups of users to share calendars, send messages, access data, and work on documents simultaneously

High-Fidelity Prototyping

uses materials that you would expect to be in the final product

Human/Computer Interaction (HCI)

fundamentally about user-centered design; understanding who the users are, what they are trying to accomplish

Most users are interacting solely with the interface, not the underlying code base

Hyperthreading

quicker processing enabling a new set of instructions to start before the previous set has finished

Input Parameters

values given to a method

InfoVis

an active computer science research community

How can we harness computational power to make it easy to "understand" data?

Iteration

loop through a series of statements

one of the most important programming concepts
read in from a data set file until you reach the end-of-file character
keep reading in values that a user types in until the user types in -1

Knowledge-Based System

contains a system of rules for determining and changing the relationship among those facts

such a base consists of facts organized into categories
we can use these knowledge bases for an artificial expert

Low-Fidelity Prototype

uses a medium which is unlike the final medium

Machine Language

the native language of the computer (binary)

Mainframe Era

computers were used for behind-the-scenes tasks: accounting, payroll, etc.

Natural Language

language that people speak and write everyday

a way to give input to a computer, automatic translation of foreign language
The "natural" way to think about processing is to build a parsing program (takes in a sentence and analyzes it)

Netbook

small, portable laptop computers designed for wireless communication and accessing the Internet

Intel Atom Processor

Uses hyperthreading to increase power

uses less power, but is less powerful

Object-Oriented Program

a program is not just a collection of step-by-step instructions or procedures, but a collection of objects

objects contain both data and instructions can send and receive messages

C++, Java, and C# are the most popular OOPs

PC Era

Jobs migrated from the mainframes to desktops, where they could be used for tasks that mainframes weren't programmed to do

Program

a finite sequence of instructions written in a particular language that achieves some task

made up of logically cohesive modules
the modules are arranged in a hierarchy
straightforward and readable

Programmer

a person who translates an algorithm into a program that executes on a computer

Programming

the act of formulating an algorithm or program

methodically solving a problem through detailed instruction

Prototype

a series of screen sketches, a storyboard, a PowerPoint presentation, video stimulating the use of a system, lump of wood, cardboard mock-up, limited in functionality software, but exposes to users and gets feedback

Recursion

the solution to a problem depends on smaller solutions to smaller versions of the same problem

Step 1: if the problem is easy, solve it

Step 2: Otherwise, divide into smaller/easier problems and solve them

Robot

computer controlled machine usually designed for simple specific tasks, especially repetitive assembly line jobs

Scientific Visualization

primarily relates to and represents something physical or geometric

Spam Bots

programs that "crawl" automatically through the site and with spam any email address it finds

Telecommuting

working from home by modem

Turing Test

Two people and a computer

Interrogator types IM style questions into a computer

is it the computer or another human responding?

"A machine may be deemed intelligent when it can pass for a human being in a blind test"

User-centered Design (UCD)

an interactive cycle of designing, implementing and evaluation

understanding users' physical and cognitive abilities, knowledge and skills, motivation, and culture
Problem: danger in assuming all users are alike and all users are like the designer

Variable

stores a value in the computer's memory, and a program can access or change the variable's value by accessing it's name

"titles" for positions of values (can change)

Workgroup Computing

use of groupware

Intranets

networks that use the internet to link employees

Extranets

networks accessible to strategic partners and customers

Difference between = and = =

= is designed for assigning a value

Var dog="rover"

think of it as "dog gets the value rover"

= = is used to check for equality

IF(dog=="rover")

HTML, CSS, JavaScript

HTML: defines a page layout -- element content and ordering
CSS: defines element styles including font, color, padding, border etc
JavaScript: often used to define element behaviors such as responses to mouse clicks etc

{Curly Brackets} in programming

{} are used to group together multiple statements for conditionals

The For loop

the first time the for loop is reached, it'll run the initialization and set those variables
if the continuation is false, the loop terminates and the statement list is skipped
if the continuation is true, statement list is performed
when all statements have completed, <nextiter> is run

2 Common Approaches to AI

use computers to simulate human thinking
designing intelligent machines independent of the way people think

Solutions to solving checkers (with respect to AI)

Searching

write program to search and look ahead at possibilities generated by each potential move

Heuristics

a heuristic is a rule often to give guidance for an action
might be to "keep checkers in the king's row for as long as possible"

Pattern Recognition

write program to recognize certain patterns
computer struggle with similar but slightly different patterns

Processor in a Netbook

Intel Atom Processor

Graphics Cards

Integrated

built into the motherboard
usually shares the RAM with the computer
costs less (usually)
best for general computing and searching the web

Dedicated

installed as a separate component
have dedicated memory on the card, usually also borrowed from RAM
faster graphical processing units
best used for gaming and extensive fraphical or video editing

USB vs IEEE 1394

USB (Universal Serial Bus) (1.1, 2.0)

a standard to connect devices to a computer
supplies 5V of power
supplies 1.5Mbit/s or 12Mbit/sj

IEEE 1394

AKA Firewire
supplies up to 30V of power
used in a lot of high-end video equipment
400Mbit/s (FW400), 3200Mbit/s (FW800)

Goals of HCI

Safety, effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction

Why Prototype?

Evaluation and feedback are central to ID
Stakeholders can see, hold, interact with a prototype more easily that a document or drawing
team members can communicate effectively
test out ideas for yourself
encourages reflection
answer questions, share ideas

InfoVis Tasks

to turn data into information, thus making it useful to people
provide tools that present data in a way to help people understand and gain insight from it

Expert System Tasks:

train new employees
reduce human error
take care of routine tasks
provide expertise and guidance
preserve the knowledge of experts
make knowledge available to more people

Social Networks

set of individual units connected by some relationship i.e. friendships, organizations, internet

Different that categories and groups

Online Social Network

accessible over the web with a web browser
users must explicitly state their friendship with other people
relationships must be visible and browsable by (some) users in the system
site must have explicit built in support for users making these connections to other people
information must be persistent

Strong vs. Weak ties

Strong

structurally strong
meet frequently
emotional connection

Weak

long-range
relationally weak
less frequent interaction
lower trust and influence

InformationVisualization (InfoVis) Components

taking items without a direct physical correspondence and mapping them to a 2D or 3D physical space
giving information a visual representation that is useful for analysis and decision making

Scale
Interactive

Information Visualization Tasks

finding a specific piece of information

Browsing

look over or inspect something in a more casual manner, seek interesting information

Analysis
Monitoring
Awareness

A program is well-structured if

It is made up of logically cohesive modules
the modules are arranged in a hierarchy
it is direct and readable

Artificial Intelligence's 2 distinct manners of solving problems

use a computer to mimic human thought
designing an intelligent machine independent of human thought characteristics

The Automated Factory

Engineers use Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) technologies to design new products and the machines that build those products

Benefits of Automation

more efficient
reduces waste, raw materials and labor

However, poses a threat to blue collar workers

Electronic Sweatshops

a typical entry shop might contain hundreds of clerks sitting at terminals in a massive, windowless room
workers are often minorities or women who receive minimum wage

Computer Aided Instruction (CAI)

CAI software combines tutorial material with drill and practice questions

The interactive format provides instant feedback

What to look for in a laptop

Processor
Bus/Cache
Power
Battery Life

Foreign Key

used to cross reference data across tables

Virus, Trojan, Spyware, Worm

Virus: computer code that you did not intend to put on your computer or run
Worm: use network vulnerabilities to duplicate them. Unlike a virus, worms are separate programs, not hidden in something else
Spyware: technology that collects information from computer users without their knowledge or consent
Trojan: a program that appears desirable but actually contains something harmful

Basic Security Measures for your computer

provide physical security for the machine
disable file sharing, using a firewall
disable a guest account
install anti-virus software
keep up-to-date with patches and service packs

Martin Wattenberg

Data Visualization

IBM's Watson

Louis von Ahn

Carnegie Mellon University

"Crowdsourcing"

reCaptcha: when scanning in books, object character recognition OCR sometimes makes mistakes; an anti-bot service that helps digitize books

About this deck

By: Anna Joyave
Created: 2011-05-04
Size: 80 flashcards
Views: 40

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis