Final Flas Cards

Location- Africa

Epoch- Miocene

Location- Southern Asia in the Siwalik Hills of India and Pakistan

Facially like the modern orangutan

Possible ancester to Gigantopithecus

earliest known hominid

Found in 2001 in Chad said to be around 7 myo

Miocene epoch

toumai- small cranium found, consists of 5 pieces of jaw and some teeth

Bipedial- they believe but not sure- not postcranial fossils found to determine

Bipedalism, large brain, tool making

Cranial features- reposition of foramen magnum

Pelvis-3 elements; 2 ossa coxae(hip bones) joined at the back to the sacrum, short and broad

Femur-the thighbones angle inward to bring the knees and feet close together under the body

shoulder

foot- development of longitudinal arch and a realignment of the big toe in parallel with other ones

s curved vertebrae- helped transmit weight of the upper body to the hips in an upright posture

rib cage

primitive characters inherited by a group of organisms from a remote ancestor and thus not from lineages that diverged after the character first appeared

Kingdom

Phylum

subphylum

Class

subclass

Order

suborder

Super Family

Family

Carrying- upright posture freed the arms to carry various objects includingoffspring

Hunting- systematic hunting is now thought that it was not practiced before the origin of bipedalism in hominids

Gathering and Foraring- upright posture provides more access

Visual Surveillance- standing up provided a better view of the surrounding area

Thermoregulation- Vertical posture exposes less of the body to the sunlight

Male provisioning- males carried back resources to dependent females ond young

The aquatic model theory that hominids began diving and searching for their food in the water, this would further diverge the species.

The study of ancient humans

study the dating, anatomy, behavior and ecology of our hominid ancestors

Thought to have dated back to the end of the Miocene.

5+ mya in Africa

3 genera

sahelanthroupus- 7-5 mya Chad

Orrorin- 6mya in Kenya-bipedal

Ardipithecus- 5.8-4.4 mya Ethopia

genus of hominids

gracile and robust

A. Afarensis- 3.9-2.9 mya South or East Africa

A. Africanus- 3.2mya 4 sites in southern Africa- Tuang

A. robustus- 2.0-1.2 mya in South Africa

A. Boisei- 2.6-1.2 mya in East Africa

Sagittal Crest- mounding of bone along sagittal plate of the skull, provided attachment for muscles for better chewing abilities.

Facial prognathism- projection of the face goes along with large anterior dentition

Supraorbital torus- brow ridges, in early hominids they served as a strut to absorb shock for heavy masticatory forces

Post orbital constriction- piching of the cranium right behind the brow ridges associated with smaller brain capacity

Diastema- the space between the maxillary canine and premolar. it makes space for large canines with the organisms mouth closed

Larger posterier dentition- size of molars and premolars relative to the front teeth

3.7-3.5 mya

Found in- Laetoli and Hadar South and East East Africa

Found in Hadar, Ethopia in 1974 by Don Johnson

3.6-3 myo

Her cranial capacity is closer to an apes.

She is gracile

3-2 mya

south Africa- Taung

Taung child in 1923 by Dart

Mrs. Ples in 1947 by broom (STS 5)

Gracile

2-1 mya

South Africa

robust

2.6-1.2 mya

East Africa

Olduvai gorge, east Africa

robust

2.4 mya

nearly complete cranium found in 1985 in east Africa

Black skull KNM-WT-17000

It is the earliest robust australopithecine the skull dates earlier than any other robust found and it is thought to be a descendant of A. Afarensis because they share many primitive features

found in 1978 thousand of prints from over 20 different types of animals and hominids

Occured 3.7-3.5 mya

a dating technique that gives an estimate in actual number of years,

ex K/Ar, radiocarbon, oxygen isotope

a dating technique that tells us something is older/younger than another

ex stratigraphy, fluorine dating

dry african rock layered land, found more than 150 extinct species including hominids

Leakeys- Louis and Mary worked here from 1931-1983

It has a well documented and correlated sequence of geological, paleontological, archeological, and hominid remains over the last 2 millon years

Butchering localities- areas containing large mammals associated with the scatter of archeological traces

Quarry localities- area where early hominids extracted stone to make tools

Multipurpose localities- home bases or campsites these are general purpose areas where hominids ate and slept

Olduvai Gorge

False

First members appeared around 2-1.8 mya

Used tools- stone and thought to use sticks and other degradeable matrials such as ostrich eggs as cups

Expansion out of africa was 2 million years ago expanded to east Africa, Eastern Europe and southeastern Asia

2.5-2.0 mya

contemporaneous with robust australopithecines

cranial capacity in comparison to australopithecines and humans larger cranial capacity than australopithecines

Dentition in comparison to australopithecines and humans teeth more modern than australopithecines but still bigger than humans

Many scientists say there are more than two species of early homo

founded by L. Leakey at Olduvai gorge

Characteristics tool maker "handy man" Oldowan lived 2.4-1.8 mya

1.8 mya

East Africa discovered by Ngeneo a meber of the Leakey team in 1972 on lake rudolph in kenya

very ape like cranial capacity lower than hominids of its time

OH-9 Java MAn(cranial cap) and KNM-ER-3733(lake Turkana)

1.8-2 mya

Traits- Used fire, tools sexually dimorphic Achulean (stone tool industry)

KNM-WT-1500 or Turkana boy found in 1984 by r Leakey

Found in Southern Africa

1.9-1.4 mya

Traits- reduces sexual dimorphism larger cranial capacity workman tools axes Auchlean tool industry

Nariokotome Boy- Turkana boy KNM-WT 15000 subadult boy was about 12yrs lived in west Turkana, Kenya

125-300 kya

Contemporaneous with - transition between Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens