Final: Giustino

History 1020 with Giustino at Auburn University

About this deck

By: Morgan Graves
Created: 2012-05-02
Size: 146 flashcards
Views: 24

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Created in 1917 and later became the KGB in 1954

Cheka- Lenin's "secret police"

Who orchestrated the Great Purge and what are the dates?

Stalin 1936-1938

What were show trials?

Public admittance to the crime someone was accused of

Two examples of those arrested in 1949 and hung publicly during the show trials?

Slansky and Rajk

Date of Stalin's death

March 1953

Successor to Stalin?

Nikita Kruschev

Who gave the "secret speech", what purpose did it serve, and in what year?

Kruschev; Called Stalin a criminal because of his brutality; 1956

Hungarian Revolution 1956

Budapest, Hungary; set out to establish multi-party rule and freedom of expression; led by Nagy who was hanged

Prague Spring 1968

Effort to achieve multi-party rule and freedom of expression; led by Dubcek who was exiled

Freedom Fighters

Led by Nagy

Black Triangle

German-Czech border rich with minerals (i.e. iron ore, uranium and lignite)

Strip-mining

Method for obtaining lignite; sulfur dioxide- acid rain resulted

Brontosaurus Movement

Environmentalist movement which still exists today

Polish Ecology Club

Attempted to bring light to environmental devistation

Who created a family policy?

Nicolae Ceusescu

What was the family policy?

In order to build a larger Romanian army, Ceausescu mandated all women under 45 to have 5 children and mandated gyno exams

Who said "the fetus is the socialist property of the whole society?

Ceausescu

Blood transfusions given during Ceausescu's rule resulted in...

HIV

___ became a matter illegal to discuss

HIV

Ceausescu met what fate?

Killed by his own people in December 1989

Europe decolonized after which war?

WWII

Newly liberated countries were:

Impoverished, subject to political instability, and had racial tensions

South Africa was rich in what resources?

Gold, diamonds, and farmland

Who occupied South Africa?

Dutch- Afrikaners and Boers

What are Pass Laws?

Regulated movement of the African natives; planted seeds for apartheid

What is apartheid?

Means separation

What party emerged in South Africa in 1948?

National Party of South Africa

The National Party of South Africa passed what laws?

Grand Apartheid

First law of Grand Apartheid in 1949

Prohibited mixed marriages

Second law of Grand Apartheid in 1950

Population Registration Act; required pass books

Third law of Grand Apartheid in 1951

Bantu Authorities Act; created Bantustans (homelands), which designated land for Africans

Fourth Law of Grand Apartheid in 1953

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act; reserved the use of certain public facilities for whites only

Fifth law of Grand Apartheid in 1953

Public Safety Act; could declare a state of emergency of anyone was found resisting Grand Apartheid

Sharpeville Massacre in 1960

Africans protested and many were killed or arrested

Who led the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960?

Nelson Mandela

What year marks the beginning of the dismantling of Apartheid?

1990

What year marks the complete dismantling of Apartheid?

1994

1994 marks the end of apartheid and the beginning of what?

Multi-racial democratic elections

What party and what leader emerged as victors in the 1994 South African election?

African National Congress (underground political party during apartheid); Nelson Mandela (1994-1999)

Events leading to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide:

1959- Revolution to kick out Belgians for favoring Tutsis over Hutus

1962- Belgians left and Hutus took over

1990- Rwandan Patriotic front invaded Rwanda

1993- Peace-fire between Hutus and Tutsis

1994- Rwandan president's plane shot down; Tutsis took the blame

Rwandan Genocide in 1994

Hutus tried to carry out genocide on the Tutsis and killed 1/2 million in 100 days by machete

July 1994; Rwandan government taken over by

Tutsis

Warfare in Afghanistan began in what year?

1979

Muslims worship _____, study ______, and practice ________ traditions.

Allah; Koran; Islamic

Durani Empire

Created between 1700 and 1750; first capital was Kandahar, but the current in Kabul (1776)

Afghanistan fell to what nation in the late 1800's?

Britain; under New Empierialism

Afghanistan rose against Britain in what year?

1919

Shah means

King

Shah Amanullah's reign

1919-1929

Shah Amanullah's political stances

Progressive, wanted a strong state through military and economic structure

Reforms under Shah Amanullah

Industry, trade, liberation of girls and women***, elementary education for women, co-education schools, and abolition of the burqa

What year was Shah Amanullah overtaken?

January 1929 by rebel forces***

Afghani Civil War broke out following Shah Amanullah's fall

1929-1933

Shah Mohammed Zahir

Ruled 40 years (1933-1973), maintained balance between traditional and progressive, Kept Afghanistan out of WWII

Coup de ta; Zahir kicked out of power

1973, brought in leadership of Daoud Khan

Daoud Khan

1973-1978 established multi-party rule, further liberated women, and built of a Progressive Republic

Progressive Republic under Daoud Khan

Ended with Saur Revolution in 1978

Saur Revolution

1978, ended Democratic government and lead by the People's Deomcratic Party of Afghanistan

People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

Nationalized property, called for atheist state, communist rule, promoted women's rights, followed Soviet Union, end of Burqa, command economy

Groups against PDPA

Mujahideen (partially meaning holy war)- traditionalists

Fundamentalists assassinated the leader of the PDPA

September 1979

Soviet-Afghan War

December 1979- February 1989 (1989 marked the end of the Cold War)

Soviets vs. Mujahideen

Soviets initially stronger, but the US stepped in and gave stinger rifles to the Mujahideen in 1989 and the Soviets withdrew

Civil War in Afghanistan

1989-1992; Muslim fundamentalists won

Islamic State of Afghan

1992-1996 Muslim fundamentalists who took power after the civil war

Taliban against the Islamic State of Afghan

1994

Taliban fought to take over and were successful in

1996

Taliban known as

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996-2001

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Fundamentalists, Department for Propagation of Virtue and Suppression of Vice, impoverished

Department for Propagation of Virtue and Suppression of Vice

Organization of religious police who made sure women practiced manners such as wearing the Burqa, remaining faithful to their husbands, and not maintaining a working job

US attacked Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Taliban)

2001 on account of September 11, 2001 when Osama Bin Laden ordered attacks on the US and the Taliban refused to hand him over

November 9, 1989

Marks the end of the Cold War Era

Cold War ended due to

-Rise of dissident movements

-Economic dissatisfaction

-Arms race between Soviets and US

Warsaw Treaty Organization

Bound countries of Eastern Europe; dissolved after Cold War ended

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Held western Europe together; still exists today

Gustav Husak became the leader in ____ of communist Czechoslovakia

1969

Gustav Husak

-Obeyed Soviet Union

-For single-party rule

-Threw dissidents into jail

Helsinki Accords 1975

Reps from 35 countries signed a human rights agreement to live without fear (western Europe, ALL of eastern europe***)

Plastic People of the Universe

Rock and Roll band in Czech emerged our of Prague Spring of 1968; critical of Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia

How were the Helsinki Accords violated?

1976 several band member of the Plastic People and their fans were arrested

Created in response to the most important dissident movement which was led by Vaclav Havel***

Charter 77; kept hope alive

Charter 77

Created in response to Vaclav Havel's dissident movement

European economic dissatisfaction

Command economy and was highly inefficient and had shortages; cost of living rose due to Edvard Gierek

Edvard Gierek***

Ordered the cost of living to go up due to increase in price of consumer goods

Poland worker's strikes

December 1970

Edvard Gierek

Increased food prices in Poland after strikes rose he agreed to pay higher wages and make more goods; FAILUE

Poland 1976

New strikes broke out and strikers thrown in jail

KOR 1976

Committee for worker's defense; allowed people to stay on strike and in jail and still have their family fed; made up of intellectuals concerned with economic dissatisfaction

July 1980 Poland

More strikes broke out due to higher food prices

Gdansk (Danzig)

Belonged to Germany prior to WWII and is a port city, which is the center of polish ship building industry

Inter-factory Strike Committees

Reps within factories; September 1980 all sent reps to a national meeting in Gdansk

Solidarity***

Led by Lech Walesa** who later became president of Poland post Col War Era

Solidarity causes

Grew out of economic dissatisfaction; communist party pulled Gierek out of power and put in Jaruzelski who was a formal general; suicide and alcohol rates dropped

Heating up of arm's race

1977; Soviets began to station large numbers of ss 20's throughout Europe

Minute-men Missiles ICBM

Could fly over continents

Reagan announced the US would pursue the Defense Strategy Initiative

Star Wars program 1981; satellite to detect missles

Mikhail Gorbachev

Became nervous and Soviet Union withdrew from the cold war

When did the Soviet Union start withdrawing presence in eastern Europe?

December 1988***; November 9, 1989 marks the end of the Cold War era

People's Republic of China

Current government in China, established 1949; command economy with a shift to some free trade elements in 1979

Revolutionary Vanguard of PRC

Saw itself as defender of the peasantry

Mao Tse-tung

Major leader of communist party in China, solidified communist party of PRC and led from 1953-1976, changed name of China to PRC

Chinese Communist Party

Founded by Chen Duxio in 1921, main leader in 20th century was Mao Tse-tung

Peasant Revolution

Chinese communist party rejected working class and saw them as peasant; revolutionary vanguard would be a peasant revolution, peasantry is the majority of the PRC

Qing (Manchu) Dynasty

Ended in 1911, Ruled by Emperors, ended due to Wuchang Uprising, had power since 1644

Wuchang Uprising

1911 overthrew Qing Dynasty, led by nationalists

Nationalism emerged in China because

dynasty had engaged in international trade and made the peasantry more poor, they grew in national pride

Peasant of China

thought rulers were chosen by divine order, a mandate from Heaven, but supported overthrow

1911 China became a Republic

Multi-party rule, very unstable

Civil Wars broke out in China

1911-1949

Republic of China***

1911-1949; lasted through the Civil Wars

Sun Yat-sen

Leader of nationalist movement that helped to bring about Republic of China

Goumindang (GMD- nationalist party)

National Chinese Party led by Sun Yat-sen; created in 1912

Civil War broke out in response to GMD

1912-1927; ended when Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai-shek) became most dominant

Jiang Jieshi (Chang Kai-shek)

Became head of the Republic of China in 1927; GMD member; worried about Chinese Communist Party taking over

Shanghai 1927

Kai-shek aka Jiang sent in troops to wipe out communists

The Long March

600 mile retreat of Chinese Communists escaping

Formosa, Taiwan

Jiang (Chang Kai-shek) fled here after communists won a civil war in 1949; reestablished Republic of China there

Chen Duxio

Created Communist Party of China in 1921; had support of Bolshevik party; at first defended the working class

Late 1920-1930's communist party transformed to being

a defense of the peasantry; moved to countryside to gain national favor because there were more peasants than workers

Mao Zedong (Tse-tung)

Realized alliance with peasants would strengthen their party and became leader in 1935

Shanghai

Large number of working class; Red Army (People's liberation army formed here)

Red Army (People's Liberation Army)

Official military of the communist party; largest fighting force today; about 3 million people

Hunan

Became new stronghold of Chinese Communist Party around 1930; large province in south central countryside

Long March

1934-1935; communists relocated to Shaanxi where they reestablished; help solidify Maoism and reign of Zedong

Second Sino-Japanese War

1937-1945 Japanese try to take over China

Manchuria

1932 Japanese seized power over this Chinese province

Japanese try to take over China in what year?

1937; ended September 1945 because Japanese lost WWII

Chinese Civil War

Communist party won through popularity and guerilla warfare

Communist party announced land distribution program

1945; land taken from wealthy and given to the poor

Nanking Massacre

1937; Also known as the rape of Nanking; 80,000 women were raped in 6 weeks time; showed seriousness of Japan wanting to overtake China; Jiang (Kai-hek) didn't put a stop to it and national party lost popularity

People's Republic of China

1949

Mao Tse-tung

Concerned with economic power and securing party control; undertook two five year plans

First five year plan (53-58)

· Started nationalizing industry in China

o All factories and all industrial resourcesbecame property of the state

· Undertook collectivization

o Two step process: land and agriculturalproduction

§ Taking farm land away form private hands andmaking it property of the state

§ Combining large plots of land into collectivefarms

Second five year plan (59-62)

· Called “Great Leap Forward”: more encouragingname

· Gave special attention to the steel company

o Farmers were required to use resources toproduce steel in order to enrich the economy

o Resulted in Great Leap Famine

§ 30 million people died of starvation in 4 years

Cultural Revolution

Reign of terror; ·

Four Olds”:

o Old ideas

o Old culture

o Old customs

o Old habits

Designed to push society forward; unofficially to eliminate those opposed to Mao

Red guards

Moa loyalists who carried around "little red books" with maoist sayings and enemy lists and reported anyone opposing him

Reign of terror ends***

1976

China now has what type of economy?

Mixed-

o Partially command, partially free-market withprivate enterprise and private property

o Roughly 1/3 is based on free-market practices

§ Produces over HALF of the goods of China

o Roughly 2/3 are still based on command economypractices

Deng Xiapong

· Denounced the cultural revolution and the “ninebads”

o The “gang of four” wanted the cultural revolutionto continue

§ Jiang Qing was one of these members (Madam Mao: 1914-1991)

§ Deng Xiaoping had the “gang of four” allarrested and thrown into jail

ú Madam Mao spent her final years in jail

Four modernizations under Xiapong

Replaced “nine bads” with “four modernizations”

o Agriculture

o Industry

o Science and technology

o Military

Modernizing the economy under Xiapong

· Broke up large, collective farms and allowedsome private land ownership and agricultural production

· Open China to foreign investors

o Not only dependent on Chinese economy; foreignmoney started pouring into China

· Privatizing some state-run industry

· “Eight Bigs”

Wei Jingshang (1950-present)

-not a member of the CCP

-he was a dissident of the CCP & electrician

-hung a wall poster on Democracy Wall that called for multi-party rule

-spent 18 years in and out of jail for calling for democracy

-was released in 1997 but forced to leave country

Democracy Wall

1978; originally intended to condemn cultural revolution, but became a symbol for democracy

Beijing Spring of 1979

-Called for the end of single=-party rule andcalling for multi-party democratic rule

-Leaders including Wei Jingshang were thrown intojail

Democracy movement reemerged in what year?

1989

-Mostly made up of young people

-In June 1989 students marched in Tiananmen Square

Wen Jiabao

New leader of China

About this deck

By: Morgan Graves
Created: 2012-05-02
Size: 146 flashcards
Views: 24

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis