Final Review Part 1 Lectures (1-4)

Psychology 215 with Willingham at University of Virginia

About this deck

By: Michael Midkiff
Textbook:

Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind, Third Edition
Created: 2010-12-16
Size: 32 flashcards
Views: 56

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Introspectionism

First attempt to apply scientific method to thought

Goal: description of consciousness

William Wundt, Titchener

Only covers conscious processing

Behaviorism

Response to introspectionism

1. Observables only

2. theory must be parsimonious

3. Break behavior down into irreducible concepts

Dominated psychology through the 50's

Classical Conditioning

unconditioned stimulus >>>unconditioned response

conditioned stimulus >>>unconditioned stimulus

conditioned stimulus >>>conditioned response

Pavlov's dog

Sight of a pickle with a sour face

Belongingness

easy to learn a response with

taste, nausea

fear conditioning to snakes or spiders

Novelty

novelty of CS and US

bell alone then bell>>>food

bell associated with background

bell associated with no food

food alone, then bell>>>food

How does Classical Conditioning Work

One stimulus conditional on the other, means learning about environment

if one stimulus if not conditional on the other you won't get any learning

Blocking

animal only learns what tone means if tone carries,

has predictive value even if tone predicts food

no learning, despite repeated pairings

possible to lose associative strength

Rescorla Wagner Model

describes blocking

animal only learns what a tone means if it has predictive value

S-R/S-S Theory

S-R= conditioned stimulus associated with conditioned response

bitch associated with anxiety

smell of perfume associated with bitchness

associate ex girlfriends perfume with anxiety

S-S=conditioned stimulus associated with unconditioned stimulus

Recent views favor this one ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Classical Conditioning Applications to Humans

Bedwetting alarm

Advertising (associate babe's with good product)

Drug tolerance-opponent processes-associate withdrawal symptoms with sight of drug

Operant conditioning

generate a response and for that response to have consequences

animal gives a response and is rewarded or punished

Thorndike's Law of Effect

puzzle box, push pedal to get out

if response in presence of stimulus is followed by satisfying event, association between stimulus and response is stronger

unpleasant>>>weakended

Free operant curve

big drum of paper, pigeon pecked key for grain which moved a pen and recorded it

more pecks=steep slope

fixed ration reinforcement

consistent ratio of number of responses and number of reinforcer

for every 5 shirts you get $15

steady response, easy to extinguish

variable ratio reinforcement

set ratio of number of responses and number of reinforcers, but varies

slot machine

rapid response, hard to extinguish

fixed interval reinforcement

first response after a specific amount of time since the last reinforcement

annual sales

little response until just before reinforcement, easy to extinguish

variable interval

first response after some amount of time since last reinforcement, time can vary locally

checking email, predators locating prey

steady response, hard to extinguish

Complex contingencies

rat -bar press reinforced but only when red light is on

called differential reinforcement

What makes operant conditioning effective?

1. Schedule of reinforcement

2. Temporal contingency

3. belongingness

4. quality, quantity of reinforcer

5. what else the animal could do

Temporal Contingency

T-maze, delay between act you are reinforcing and reinforcer

Instinctive drift

raccoons with bank advertisement couldn't be trained to put money into piggy bank

Motivational state

hungry animal does more food seeking acts

Physiological homeostasis

animal seeks to lessen thirst, hunger, etc

BUT too many drives, and animals and people do things that seem more likely to raise drives, not lower them (watching porn)

Premack Principle

playing pinball or eating candy

if you have to play pinball for candy, pinball becomes work

Operant conditioning applications

Animal training revolutionized by it

Biofeedback-condition autonomic nervous system

Education

Token economies

Turn to Cognitive perspective

introspection only used to test

only covers conscious processing, poor reliability no progress

behaviorism focused on only observables

breaks down behavior into irreducible concepts

Critical period

time when animal able to learn particular info rapidly and with little exposure

birds follow first thing they see

Fixed action pattern

complex behavior emerges full blown with little opportunity for practice or reward

stickleback fish, being coy

Chomsky on behaviorism

behaviorist account is wrong, says that kids say words at random

ignores that language is generative

Abstract constructs

theoretical set of processes and representations (rules for language or a strategy in memory)

needed for stuff like computer science AI

Newell and Simon's Logic Theorist

discovered proofs in symbolic logic

program contains a list of axioms, list of previously proven theorems and a manner in which axioms could be combined

proved a whole bunch of mathematic principles

they claimed people solved stuff this way

Goal of Cognitive Psychology

identify processes and representations that support thought

Think in terms of stages in which info is transformed

About this deck

By: Michael Midkiff
Textbook:

Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind, Third Edition
Created: 2010-12-16
Size: 32 flashcards
Views: 56

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis