Final Review Part 4 Lecture 14-17
Psychology 215 with Willingham at University of Virginia
About this deck
By: Michael Midkiff
Textbook:
Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind, Third Edition
Created: 2010-12-16
Size: 27 flashcards
Views: 32
Textbook:
Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind, Third EditionCreated: 2010-12-16
Size: 27 flashcards
Views: 32
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Typicality categorization
more typical exemplars come to mind first>>>you are better at confirming that they are a member of a category
name first 4 fruits
Levels of Typicality
Basic Level-categories-most inclusive, members still share most of their features (most birds have wings)
Superordinate level-more abstract, animals do not share all features, some are birds , some are not
Subordinate level-categories less abstract than basic level (few features differentiate a "house wren" from a "marsh wren"
Prototype Model
when you see a new exemplar you compare it to the prototype; the more similar it is to the prototype , the more confident you are that it belongs to that category
problem when you don't have prototypes stored in memory
Exemplar Model
Exemplar model accounts for the fact that you can recognize specific dogs, not just prototypical dog
Stored in memory are lots of exemplars of birds that sit in branches and go "tweet">>>>comparing bird to lots of other typical birds
Allen & Brooks Diggers and Builders
subject trained to categorize diggers vs builders
some told to memorize exemplars to learn categories
others told to categorize using a rule
told to memorize: categorized based on similarity
told the rule: categorized based on rule
******People use similarity in some situations and rules in others.
Big question is when they use which
Property of memory-Quantity and speed
lots of storage, fast retrieval
Property of memory-Near miss
tip of the tongue phenomenon
Who was in Knocked up?
Property of memory-Relevant info
"Does Aristotle have two hands"
Property of memory-Resistance to faulty input
info mostly correct, but not completely
Febo vs Mcdonalds description
Collins and Quillian Hierarchical Model
Has links and nodes
Chicken....is a....bird
1. Good at lots of storage
2. good at relevant info
but doesn't predict everything...is a gorilla an animal?
properties not stored only once
Network theories
node, input, activation
BIRD..."bird".....bird
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
time
Collins and Loftus
subject in memory linked to other ideas
activation passes with strong associations
Bush linked to white house, Congress linked with Bush
Allows retrieval of properties
Matches conscious experience
allows content addressable storage
Creates defaults
Accounts for tipicality
The Fan effect
you know one thing about Princeton, NJ, there is a University
person that knows more about Princeton has slower activation
Fan effect if real, usually not observed
Propositional networks
proposition =A representation for the smallest unit of meaning that can take on a truth value.
The tall skinny, man ate the fish
-The man is tall.
-The man is skinny
-The man ate the fish.
Analog vs. proposition "ball on a box"
Proposition
-relation
-syntax
-truth value
-abstract
-not spatial
Analog
-no distinct relation
-truth value only when described
-concrete
-spatial medium
Image Properties
1. Rotation-image same when rotated
2. Size Zooming-same when zoomed
3. Scanning-go from diff landmarks on imaginary map
4. Brain Locus-activity in language centers and visual center
Like perception: Confusability (Perky Banana)
People confused imagery and perception when banana projected on back on screen
Like perception: interference
High imagery: nudist eats a bird
Low imagery: Einstein's intellect a miracle
Visual interfering task: subjects see 1 or 2 on screen and say which didn't appear
Auditory: hear 1 or 2 and must say other digit
high imagery=visual interference
low imagery=auditory interference
Like perception: separation of what and where
Color question "what is the color of a pineapple"
Size Comparisons "which is bigger, popsicle or cigs"
Damage to ventral impairs visual imagery
Damage to dorsal impairs spatial imagery
Imagery not like perception: distortions
Which city farther north, Rome or Philly?
Snail/seahorse pictures
Bunny duck picture
Image inspection
inspection allows you to determine what a visual image is
images can be inspected to some extent, not as effective as perception
What is imagery for
1. Memory-bizarreness of image helps (piano smoking cigar)
2. Make implicit knowledge conscious (is the writing on the Coke logo cursive?)
3. Prepare for future actions (bed fitting in an alcove)
What do experts do?
1. Experts know what what's important (House looks at night terrors)
2. Experts notice things others miss (MRI reading)
3. When they make mistakes they fail gracefully
4. Better transfer (historians in their field do as well as though outside field)
(people who play Magic the gathering are good at poker)
Chunking
Technique used by experts
Means stuff takes less room in working memory
You need knowledge to chunk
Chess players chunk
Seeing deep structure
experts see deep structure
expert physicists focus on on theory behind diagrams rather than surface features (screw, inclined plane)
Americans solve Hansel and Gretel solution
minds biased to see surface structure (boat in river thing)
Experts generate hypotheses
novice looks at MRI and sees tumor
expert sees collapsed lung
expert pool players make plans
How become an expert?
Think functionally
10,000 hour practice rule
Grit
About this deck
By: Michael Midkiff
Textbook: Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind, Third Edition
Created: 2010-12-16
Size: 27 flashcards
Views: 32
Textbook:
Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind, Third EditionCreated: 2010-12-16
Size: 27 flashcards
Views: 32
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
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