Final

Biology 104 with Henderson at California State University - Chico

About this deck

By: Anai acuna
Textbook:

Vander's Human Physiology with Connect Plus Access Card
Created: 2010-12-12
Size: 89 flashcards
Views: 74

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Golgi Complex

processes raw material into finished product
sorts and directs product into final destination

Exocytosis

primary mechanism for secreation out of cell

Lysosomes

small membrane enclosed organelles that break down organic molecules
digest extracellular material brought in by phagocytosis`

Endocytosis

reverse of excytosis-internalization of products outside cellito
accomplished by pinocytosis recptor mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis

Mitochondria

Energy organelles or power plants of cell
extract energy from the nuterints of food and transform to energy for cell activities
depending on cell there maybe many or not at all of mitochondria
are compacted into areas with most energy use

ATP

consists of three phosphates and and one adenosine thus the term adeonisine triphosphate=ATP

Cellular Respiration

the intracellular recations in which energy-rich molecules are broken down to form ATP, using o2 and producing co2 in the process

Gylcolysis

chemical process involved in 10 sequential breakdowns of the 6 carbon sugar molecule glucose into two pyruvate molecules

2 atp producedat Gylcolysis
*Occurs in the Cytosol of the cell

Citric Acid Cycle

the Pyruvate produced by glycolsis sent here
one carbon removed used as waste
acetyl-coa created from pyruvate and enters citric acid cycle-8 cyclical reactions catalyzed

2 more atp produced with each turn of the citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation

process in which atp is synthesized using energy relased by electron as they are transfered to o2

###28 ATP are produced after this

Anerobic

lack of air---cellular resperation and the atp synthisation process does not go passed gylcolsis

Glucose-->glycolysis(2atp)-->pyruvate-->(no O2)-->Lactate

Aerobic

Air available thus normal ATP production and cellular respiration take place

Glucose-->glycolysis(2atp)-->pyruvate-->citric acid cycle (2atp)-->oxidative phosphorylation (28atp)-->for a grand total of 32 atp

Isotonic Solution

solution has the same concentration of non penetrating solutes a normal body cells do
Cells that come in isotonic solution stay the same as no water moves in our out

Hyportonic Solution

Below Normal Concentration of solute in solution-higher concentration of water causes less water filled cells to expand during osmosis

Hypertonic solution

a solution with an above normal concentration of solutes
higher concentration of water inside the cell causes the cell to shrink as water leaves the cell during osmosis

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Transport method in which cells are carried in and out of the plasma membrane by plasma protiens

Carrier Proteins

Span the thickness of Plasma membrane and can change in shape
is transfer of small moderate sized water soluble substances
used in assisted transport

Facilitated diffusion

Uses a carrier to facilitate (assist) the transfer of a particular substance across the plasma membrane
Passive and does not require energy from high to low down concentration gradient
transfer of glucose against cells

Active transport

Requires energy to transfer a substance up the concentration gradient

Primary Active Transport

energy is directly required to move a substance against its concentration gradient; the carrier splits ATP to power the transport proccess

Secondary Active Transport

Energy is required in the entire process, but it is not DIRECTLY used to produce uphill movement-nor does the carrier split ATP but uses second hand energy stored in the form an ion concentration

Membrane Potential

refers to a separation of opposite charges across the membrane or in the relative number of cations and anions in the ICF and the ECF.

Depolarization

Membrane potetnial becomes less negative (shoots up!)

Hyperpolarization

membrane potential becomes less negative (shoots down)

Polarization

when a memebranes potential is anything but 0 mV in either the positive or negative direction
resing normally -70Mv

Repolarization

Returnt to resting membrane potential after depolarization
back to -70mV

Resting Membrane potential

-70mv

Leak Channel

Membrane channels which is open all the time and permits unregulated leakage of their specific ion across the membrane

Gated Channels

Have Gates that can be open or closed permitting or barring entry

Voltage Gated Channel

is a gated channel
open or close in response to changes in membrane potential

Chemically gated channels

gated channel
open and close in response to binding of a specific extracellular chemical messenger to a surface membrane receptor

mechanically gated channels

a gated channel
open and close in response to stretching or other mechanical deformation

Thermally gated channels

open and close in response to local changes in temperature

Grade potentials

Local changes in membrane potential that occur in varying grades or degrees of magnitude or strength
example l from -70mV to -60mV results in a 10mV graded potential
the stronger the event the larger the graded potential

graded potentials:

die over short distances
spread as passive current flow
can go both ways
does not have refactory period like action potential does

Action potentials

brief,rapid,large (100 mV) changes in membrane potential
reverses so that the cell is briefly more excitably charged then the outside of the cell
do not diminish in strength over distance
serve as long distance signal
oneway all or none

Anatomy of a Neron

Dendrites (input zone) in the cell body-->triggers axon hillock-->triggers axon or elongated nerve fiber-->triggers axon terminals which release chemical messangers

Re factory Period

insures one way propagation of an action potential

Central Nervous System

the brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

PNS contains nervous fibers that carry information from the PNS to the parts of the body or the Perphery :)

Afferent Division

goes into the nervous system
stimulated by the sensory and visceral stimuli
provides status updates
Stimuli (PNS)-->afferent division (PNS/CNS)-->Brains and spinal cord (CNS)

Efferent division

Transmits Data from the CNS to effector organs
divided into somatic and autonomic division

Somatic Division

part of efferent division
consists of fiber of motor neurons that effect skeletal muscles and movement

Automatic division

part of efferent division
consist of fibers that innervate smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
further divided into parasympathetic(rest and digest) and sympathic (fight or flight) as well as the enectric system that deals with digestion

Afferent Neurons

sensory receptor in the PNS takes information through peripheral axon (afferent fiber) to the axon terminals in the CNS which link to the internueron

Inter neroun

lie withing the CNS integrate peripheral responses to peripheral information
take info from afferent decode and send order to efferent

efferent neuron Autonomic Pathway

contain a ganglionic fiber leading fro CNS to innervated organ cns-->preganglonic fiber-->autonomic ganglion(exchange of pre ganlonic nuro transmitter)-post ganglonic fiber-->effector organ

Norepinephrine

Nuerotransmitter--realised at most sypathetic postganlionc terminals
adernal medulla
centeral nervous system

Acetylcholine

nuerotransmitter
released at all preganglionc terminals of the autonomic nervous system

Motality

the muscular contractions that mix and move forward contents of the digestive tract

Cardic Output

Stroke Volume X Heart rate

tone

maintains a constant low level of contraction in the phasic smooth muscle of the stomach

Motility-Propulsive Movemnts

propel or push the contents forward through the digestive tract
ex food throught the esophagus or small intestine

Motility-mixing movements

mix food with digestive juices and promote digestion of food
facilitate absorption by exposing all parts of the intestinal contents to the absorbing surfaces of the digestive tract

Carbohydrate Digestion

All carbs are turned into monosachrides or "one sugar molecules"
ingested as polysaccharides
monysaccharides include glucose fructose and galactose

Starch

most common polysacchride derived from plants

gycogen

polysaccharide stored in the form of glucose in muscle...found in meat

Diasscharide

lesser source of dietary carbohydrate two sugar molecules
includes surcrose and lactose

surcrose

table sugar one glucose and one fructose

lactose

milk sugar one glucose and one galactose

Proteins and Digestion

consist of various combination of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
degraded primarily into constituent amino acids as well a a few small polypeptides

Fats and digestions

most in the form of triglycerides-neutral fats consisting of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules

Anatomy of the Nerphron

Afferent Division-->glomerulas (creates filtrate of small particles ins blood)-->bowmans capusle-->Proximual tublule--->descending loop of Henele, Ascending loop of Henle-->collecting duct--->renal pelvis (to waste)

Proximal tubule

uncontrolled reabsorbation and secreatof selcted substancese occur here

Loop of Henele

Establishes an osmotic gradient

Bile Salts

derivatives of cholesterol
they are actively secreted into the bile
aide in fat and digestion and absoption
Turn large chunks of fat into smaller Micells

Metabolic Syndrome

With metabolic syndrome you are at high risk for various diseases
obesity->high triglycirides
low HDL (or healthy cholesterol)
high blood glucose
high blood pressure

Pancreas

Has exocrine and endocrine Functions
Exocrine=enzymes lipase, amalse(breaks starch in mouth) proetoblic enzyme (breaks down protien)
Endocrine=hormones secreted into blood structure-->glucose and glucagone

Insulin

secreted when working with glucose, released to put blood glucose in cell
"increases cellular uptake use and storage"
decreases appetite

Glucagon

"important for maintaing nutrient levels in blood during postabsopitive state
or takes sugar from tissues into blood stream

CCK

secreted by the small intestine
controls motility and secreation to faciltate digestive and absorptive process

Ghrenlin

secreted by the stomach
targets hypothalmus
signals hunger and stimualtes appetite

PYY

secreted by the small intestine
signals satiety supresses appetite

Viscreal Fat

Adipose tissue that surrounds abdominal viscrea

BMI calulation

weight in pounds x 700/(height in inches)²

Hypothalmulas

the regions of the brain beneath the thalamus that regulates many aspects of the internal fluid environment, such as water and salt balance and food intake serves as an important link between the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

BMI 18.5 or less

underweight

BMI 30 or higher

obese

BMI of 18.5 to 24.9

healthy

BMI over 24-29

overweight

BMI of 30

obese

Radiation

the transfer of heat energy from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of electromagnetic waves (sunshine!!!)

Conduction

the transfer of heat from a direct warmer to a cooler object that is in direct contact with the warmer one
holding a snow ball...using a heating pad

convection

the transfer of heat energy using air currents
the winddd!!!

evaporation

the conversion of liquid such as sweat into a gaseous vapor causing heat to be absorbed

Adipocytes

fat cells
store tryglyceride fat
secrete hormones

Adipokines

hormones secreted by adipocytes that play important role in energy balance and metabolism

Leptin

Adipokin
suppresses appetite

Nuropeptide y

stimulates hunger

About this deck

By: Anai acuna
Textbook:

Vander's Human Physiology with Connect Plus Access Card
Created: 2010-12-12
Size: 89 flashcards
Views: 74

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis