final
Psychology 3401 with Fitzgerald at Marquette University
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what is the five factor model of personality?
- extraversion
- neuroticism
- openness to experience
- agreeableness
- conscientiousness
- each on a spectrum
what are the problems with interpersonal relationships and global outlook in schizophrenia, depression, and ocd?
- schizophrenia- isolated, paranoid
- depression- isolated, low self-esteem
- OCD- cautious, difficult to trust others
consistent with the persons world view
define ego-dystonic
inconsistent with the persons world view
what are we saying when we diagnose a person with a personality disorder?
- they have a long-standing pattern of behavioral problems
- difficulties are ego-syntonic and stable over time
- symptoms are not explained by any other disorder
- behavioral problems create distress or impairment across multiple areas
what are the behavioral problems linked with personality disorder?
- cognitive difficulties- view of self and others
- emotional difficulties- emotional reaction to situations
- interpersonal difficulties (key)- problems forming and maintaining healthy relationships
- impulsie control problems- acting in ways that have long term negative consequences
what sets personality disorders apart from the other disorders?
- long term, life long in nature (paired with mental retardation on DSM axis II)
- common for people to have multiple personality disorders
why is it often hard to correctly notice and diagnose personality disorder in treatment?
- many dont seek treatment because they don't think they have a problem
- it requires an in-depth understanding of a person's perspective and problem history
exlain cluster A of the personality disorders
- cluster A ("odd/eccentric") similar to low-level schizophrenia
- main symptom: isolation from others
- paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorders, schizotypal personality disorder
explain cluster B of the personality disorders
cluster b ("dramatic")- similar to low-level mood disorders
- main symptom: problems with emotion regulations
- antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
explain cluster C of the personality disorders
cluster c ("anxious/fearful")- similar to low-level anxiety disorder
- main symptoms- problems with fear
- avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive personality disorder
what are the critiques on the clusters of the personality disorders?
- people think personality is not a categorical thing
- argue there is a great deal of overlap between disorders
- difficult to collect information needed to give a personality diagnosis
- personality is only relatively stable
describe paranoid personality disorder
- a persistent tendency to be suspicious of others (don't do well with employment)
- bearing grudges excessively
- interpreting neutral actions/statements as hostile
- increased defense of personal rights beyond appropriate for situation
- recurrent suspicion os sexual infidelity of partner
- persisten thoughts of others "ganging up" on them
what is the prevalence of paranoid personality disorder? what are characteristics of the disorder?
- fairly uncommon- ~.5-3%
- more men than women
- tend to be very professionally driven
- very interested in positions of power and authority
- rarely come in for treatment
- difficult to form effective relationships as person will be distrustful of therapist, not want to share information
what is the psychodynamic attempt at explaining paranoid personality disorder?
- children are taught by parents that the world is a very harsh place
- conditional acceptance- conditions of worth placed on child from parents
- only get positive regard in specific situations
- parents teach that everyone is cmpetition
what is the cognitive attempt at explaining paranoid personality disorder
- maladaptive thoughts
- paranoid assumptions
- people will take advantage of me given the chance, constantly looking for evidence to support this
what is the behavioral treatment for paranoid personality disorder?
- working on reducing anxiety when with others
describe schizoid personality disorder
- reduced emotion and lack of interest in social relationships:
- not desire or enjoyment of emotional connections
- choosing solitary over group acitivites
- little or not interest in sex
- little pleasure with most activates
- no close relationships outside immediate family
- indifferent to praise from others
- emotional coldness and detached
what is the prevalence of schizoid personality disorder?
- appears to be rare: ~1% of people
- more common in men than women
- less disabling in men- expectations of men as more likely as "weird loners"?
- understudied as persons often are difficult to diagnose and identify
- not troubling to them, so they rarely seek out help for these problems
what are the different treatments for schizoid personality disorder?
- cognitive/behavioral: persons are trained to better understand and respond to others, leading to more positive and enjoyable interactions
- sociocultural: group therapy allows people to have positive social interactions
- therapist modeling of appropriate social interaction
what is the attempt at explaining schizoid personality disorder?
- developmentally: attachement (anxious avoidant, or anxious ambivalent)
describe schizotypal personality disorder
- need for isolation, strange beliefs, and odd behavior and thinking as evidenced by:
- ideas of reference
- odd of magical thinking that influenced behavior
- unusual perceptual experiences
- suspiciousness
- inappropriate or restricted emotions
- odd, eccentric, or peculiar behavior
- lack of close friends
- social anxiety based on paranoid
what is the main difference between schizotypal and schizophrenia?
- these people maintain basic contact with reality
what is the prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder?
- estimated ~2-4%
- more male than female
- might be low-level version of schizophrenia
what are the treatments for schizotypal schizophrenia?
- cognitive: help people realize when their thoughts are bizarre, not react to these, understand how these thoughts affect others
- also aimed at helping persons feel more comfortable around others and have more fulfilling relationships
- biological- antipsychotic medications are also helpful, low doses
describe antisocial personality disorder
- a lack of concern for social norms, other people, as evidenced by:
- repeated law breaking
- repeated lying or coning for personal benefit
- impulsivity, lack of planning
- irritability and aggressiveness
- reckless disregard for self, and others safety
- lack of remorse at past bad deeds
- can be very charming
what is the prevalence for antisocial personality disorder?
- ~3.5% of people meet diagnoses
- 4:1 men:women- most common in white males
- diagnosis may have some positive aspects in some jobs (eg CEOs)
- In order to receive diagnosis- must have been diagnosed with conduct disorder as a child
where do we find the greatest concentration of these individuals?
- prisons (50-80% of people in jail have antisocial personality disorder)
- 80% abuse substances as well
what are the theories behind antisocial personality disorder?
- psychodynamic: persons come from distant families that indirectly rewarded violence and destructiveness
- behaviorist: persons come from families where parents modeled bad behavior, lack of concern for others
- biology: persons wit this disorder are under-aroused, meaning that they:
- do not experience negative consequences for bad behavior
- seek out "thrills" to raise their arousal level
what are the treatments for antisocial personality disorder?
- generally ineffective, people dont stay in treatment and dont care
- one of the best treatments is being in jail-provides a structured environment that has mandatory therapy, gives rules with consequences
describe borderline personality disorder
- major shifts in mood, unstable sense of self, impulsive behaviors, as evidenced by:
- frantic efforts to avoid abandonment (real or imagined)
- unstable relationships vacillation between idolization and devaluation
- unstable self-image
- impulsivity with potentially damaging behaviors
- recurrent suicidal or self injurious behavior
- extremely unstable shifting mood
- chronic feelings of emptiness and worthlessness
- difficulty controlling anger
what is the prevalence of borderline personality disorder?
- 1.5-2.5% of populations
- overwhelmingly female 3:1
what are the theories behind borderline personality disorder?
- psychodynamic: early-life abandonment leads to chronic low self-esteem, emotional immaturity, and intense fear of emotional abandonment
- biology: low serotonin = increased impulsivity, aggression
what are the treatments for borderline personality disorder?
- therapy can be difficult, as patients easily anger, abandon therapy if they feel challenged by therapist
- DBTL teach patient to be more aware of thoughts and emotions, anticipate them and respond to them in adaptive ways
- biological: medication can help reduce emotional instability
describe histrionic personality disorder
- excessive emotionally, need for attention:
- uncomfortable when not center of attention
- interacts in provocative or seductive manner
- rapidly changing, shallow emotional states
- uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
- speech is lacking in detail, aimed at impressing
- easily influenced by others
- sees relationships as more intimate than they are
what is the prevalence of histrionic personality disorder?
- ~2% of population
- equally in men and women
- often overlaps with borderline personality disorder
what are the theories behind histrionic personality disorder?
- psychodynamic: early abandonment teaches the person to invent crises to keep others involved
- cognitive: persons tell themselves that they are unable to take care of themselves, need others to "save" them
what are the treatments for histrionic personality disorder?
- difficult to treat- tantrums, false "insights" to please therapist
- aimed at reducing dependency, increasing satisfaction and self-agency; recognizing thoughts and interaction patterns
describe narcissistic personality disorder
- ongoing need for approval, inflated self-esteem, lack of empathy:
- inflated sense of self worth
- preoccupied with fantasies of success and power
- belief that they are "special"
- requires excessive admiration
- sense of entitlement
- exploits others in relationships
- little or not empathy for others
- very envious of others
- arrogant behavior and demeanor
what is the prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder?
- another common disorder amongst criminals
- ~1%
- 3:1 men
what are the theories behind narcissistic personality disorder?
- psychodynamic: cold, rejecting parents cause child to feel insecure, build overactive defenses to avoid feeling bad, convince self of worth
- behavioral/cognitive: children treated too positively develop overactive self-worth
what are the treatments for narcissistic personality disorder?
- very difficult to treat- need for control and sensitivity to criticism makes therapy tenuous
- patients tend to try to use therapy as a way to support own worldview
- treatment focused on considering perspectives of others, receive criticism more evenly, and increase empathy
describe avoidant personality disorder
- long term pattern of social avoidance, feelings of inadequacy, interpersonal sensitivity:
- avoids jobs with others because of fear of rejection
- unwilling to spend time with people unless certain they are liked
- restrained romantic relationships b/c of fear of being rejected
- preoccupied with thoughts of rejection in social settings
- sees self as inferior or inadequate relative to others
- unwilling to take on new activates out of fear of embarrassment
what is the prevalence for avoidant personality disorder?
- 1-2%
- men and women equally
what are the theories behind avoidant personality disorder?
- seen as resulting from the same causes as anxiety disorders
- early childhood punishment and ridicule teaches the person that they are inadequate and that others will be harsh, rejecting, and judgemental
what are the treatments for avoidant personality disorder?
- difficult to keep in therapy- fear of therapist rejection
- treatment is similar to approach with anxiety:
- cognitive- change thoughts that underlie fears
- behavioral- place person in successful interpersonal situations
- psychodynamic- identify and address underlying stressful event
- biological- prescribe medications to reduce anxiety
describe dependent personality disorder
- pervasive dependence on others:
- difficulty making daily decisions wo reassurance
- needs other to take responsibility for major life area
- difficulty expressing disagreement bc fear of loss of support
- difficulty starting projects on own bc of lack of self confidence
- goes to great lengths to get support
- uncomfortable when alone
- urgently seeks another relationships as source of care when one ends
- unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to care for self
- problems --> depression, anxiety disorders
what is the prevalence for dependent personality disorder?
- 2%
- equal in men and women
what are the theories behind dependent personality disorder?
- psychodynamic: abandonment or parental overinvolvement led the person to feel the need for someone to take care of them, inability to do for self
- behavioral: acts of dependence rewarded, acts of independence punished
- cognitive: person believes they are incapable and need others to care for them
what are the treatments for dependent personality disorder?
- focused on several aspects:
- increasing interpersonal assertiveness to better express needs
- challenge and change assumptions of helplessness
- increasing comfort and skills in dealing with others
describe obsessive personality disorder
- obsessions with rules, perfection, organization
- proccupied with rule, lists, etc. to the extent that the point of the activity is lost
- perfectionism interfers with task completion
- excessively deveoted to work over leisure activities
- inflexible in morals, ethics, or values
- unable to discard objects even with no sentimental value
- reluctant to delegate work unless done "their" way
- hoards money to deal with future catastrophes
- shows rigidity and stubbornness
what is the prevalence for obsessive personality disorder?
- 2-5%
- 2:1 men
- also increased in white, educated, married, employed
what are the theories behind obsessive personality disorders?
- many believe that OCD and OCPD are closely related, with similar theories for both
- psychodynamic: early struggles and stress with parents lead to an over controlling response to manage anger at parents
- cognitive: black and white thinking patterns support this behavior
what are the treatments for obsessive personality disorder?
- persons do not usually respond well to treatment- do not think that there is anything wrong with them
- treatment focuses on identifying, change all-or-nothing thinking, as well as behavior such as procrastination and perfectionism and find more adaptive ways to meet emotional needs
why do PDs present as self-fulfilling prophecies?
- For many people with personality disorders, their view of the world actually does mirror many of their interactions with others
- This may be the result of the ways that they interact with others and the ways that they form relationships/keep relationships going with others
- This perspective is one of the reasons that therapy with persons with personality disorders is so difficult
what are some controversies related to PD diagnoses?
- Clinicians have different definitions of ?normal/healthy? personality
- There is a good degree of overlap between diagnoses
- The combination of symptoms needed makes these diagnoses very heterogeneous
- bc of this more towards viewing personality traits as occurring on a continuum
-
oSuch an approach seems to give a more representative and less stigmatizing picture of persons worldview
what are the factors responsible for increased rates of problems in the old and the young?
biological changes
- changing cognitive functioning- limited cognitive resources
- changing emotional functioning- limited emotional resources
- dependence on others for care
- increased feelings of helplessness and stress
what are the risk factors for child psychopathology
- poverty-increased stress
- resilience- kids who strive
- temperament
- difficult temperament- irritable, act out, difficult to soothe
- warm and nurturing family can protect this
- biological influences
- genetics
- complications of pregnancy
name and describe the two reponses to stress
- internalization- withdrawing, limiting social contacts
- child version of depression or anxiety
- more troubling
- externalization- lashing out, acting up
- child version of anger
- more often noticed
what is the prevalence of childhood disorders?
20%
- more boys
- girls more able to reach out and receive help
what are the three general categoires of childhood disorders?
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About this deck
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“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy