Final

Microbiology 2123 with Picking at Oklahoma State University - Stillwater

About this deck

By: Megan Mick
Created: 2011-05-02
Size: 100 flashcards
Views: 69

About StudyBlue

STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school. Things like online flashcards with photos and audio. Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next. Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone. STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy

Sign up (free) to study this.

The lagging strand is synthesized ________, while the leading strand can be synthesized ________.

discontinuously.... continuously

DNA replication requires a _________.

primer

Without ______, the core RNA polymerase binds and releases DNA at random

Sigma factor

Initiation of Transcription

RNA polymerase holoenzyme
Binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter
Melting of the Helix

What does it mean to say that the genetic code is degenerate?

More than one codon can specify the same amino acid

Genes encoding bacterial antibiotic resistance involving efflux transport systems are most commonly encoded on ______ which can be readily transferred to other bacteria.

Plasmids

______ is the process of moving a transposable element within or between DNA molecules.

Transposition

A transmembrane _____ detects an environmental condition outside of the bacteria while ______ is in the cytoplasm and binds to DNA to alter gene expression.

Sensor kinase..... response regulator

Transcription attenuation is a common regulatory strategy used to control operons that code for what?

Amino acid biosynthesis (anabolism)

Some microbes, especially pathogens, use gene regulation to periodically change their appearance in a process called _____, which can allow them to escape a host's immune response.

phase variation

DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in the ______ direction. However, it has an exonuclease activity that provides for a _____ activity to fix mistakes.

5'----> 3' ..... proof-reading

Bind to regulatory sequences in the DNA and prevent transcription.

Repressors

Bind to regulatory sequences in the DNA and stimulate transcription.

Activators

Rifamycin B

inhibits initiation of transcription

Suppose Pasteur's swan necked flasks containing boiled broth became cloudy 24 hours after boiling. Which choice could best explain the turbidity or cloudiness in the broth without supporting spontaneous generation?

Endospores in the broth survived boiling and grew after the broth cooled.`

The capsule polysaccharides form a slippery mucous layer that inhibits ______

phagocytosis

Lipopolysaccharides are found in

Gram negative bacteria

A bacterium whose sugar uptake levels are equal when the organism is grown in media in the presence and absence of inhibitors of energy production. What is the mechanism of transport?

Facilitated diffusion

When the intracellular iron concentration is low, iron-scavenging molecules called _____ are produced

Siderophores

During biofilm formation, as more and more cells bind to the surface, they begin sending signals to each other in a process called

Quorum sensing

Human pathogens are

Mesophiles

Psychrophiles favor the cold since their membranes are more fluid at low temps owing to the high proportion of ____ present

Unsaturated fatty acids

Runoff from agricultural fields, lawns, and golf courses can cause an overgrowth of microbes due to

Eutrophication

The removal of all microbial life from a given sample

Sterilization

An ____ removes microbes from the surface of living tissues.

Antiseptic

A _______ removes microbes from the surface of inanimate objects.

Disinfectant

Reducing the microbial population to safe levels

Sanitation

Four phases of the bacterial growth curve

Lag
Log
Starvation
Death

Peptidoglycan has a backbone consisting of repeating disaccharide units composed of ____ and ____.

N-Am & N-Ag

After counter-staining, Gram positive bacterium are _____ because it has a _____ peptidoglycan layer.

violet.... thick

After counter-staining, Gram negative bacterium are _____ because it has a _____ peptidoglycan layer.

pink.... thin

Structural parts of lipopolysaccharide

O-polysaccharide
core polysaccharide
Lipid-A toxic

The laws of thermodynamics indicate that systems tend to become less ordered and that the ______, a measure of disorder of randomness of the universe, always increases.

entropy

ATP is the main energy carrier in living organisms, but these also serve as energy carriers in metabolic reactions

NADH
FADH₂
GTP

Fermentation can be defined as completion of metabolism

without an electron transport system
without a terminal electron acceptor
in the absence of oxygen

The greatest amount of reduced NADH is produced during

TCA cycle

The proton motive force drives

ATP biosynthesis from ADP and Pi

Production of traditionally fermented foods typically relies on ____ flora, whereas commercial fermentation generally relies on _______

natural... starter cultures

This contaminant in water is especially prevalent in agricultural in the US

Nitrate

Likely to raise biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

Nitrate
Phosphate
Organic fertilizer

Energy carriers in order of greatest to least potential chemical energy

NAD⁺
ETS
fermentation

Excess ______ runoff can lead to an algal bloom, which causes _______ of a body of water causing massive die-off of fish and other animals.

fertilizer.... eutrophication

Purposes of fermentation of foods

Preserve food (pickles)
Improve digestibility (bread)
Add nutrients and flavors (wine)

The mucociliary escalator functions to

Trap and sweep microbes from the bronchi back up to the throat to be swallowed

The major phagocytic cells in the body

Neutrophils and macrophages

Antigen presenters in humans

Macrophages and dendritic cells

An activated T_c cell trying to kill of influenza in the lungs would

Bind to the infected host cells then release perforin and granzymes

T_c cells have ____ on their surface and recognize ____ on host cells

CD8 ..... MHCI

T_h cells have ____ on their surface and recognize _____ on B cells, macrophages and DCs

CD4..... MHCII

Innate immune response

Defensins
Complement
Inflammation

Causes whooping cough

Bordetella pertussis

Most diarrheal diseases are caused by

Rotovirus

Causes acne

Propionibacterium acnes

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is caused by

Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

#1 pathogen in the world

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms

Modify binding site
Destroy the antibiotic
Modify the antibiotic
Pump out the antibiotic

Signs of inflammation

Swelling
Redness
Heat/Fever
Pain

Botox causes _____ paralysis

flaccid

Tetanus toxin causes _____ paralysis

spastic

Bacterial _______ prevent phagocytosis

capsules

Rare hamburger meat contains E. coli 0157:H7 which produces _____ which damages the _______

Shiga toxin....... kidneys

Most frequent reported STD in the US. 75% of women have no symptoms but damage still occurs which causes sterility

Chlamydia

Teichoic acids

used for strength.
makes up the gram-positive thick cell wall.

John Tyndall

discovered autoclaving... can only kill endospores with high heat and pressure.

Pasteurization

NOT STERILIZATION! (does not kill everything)
Meant to kill Q fever.

Do High temps kill, low temps?

High temperatures KILL. Denature proteins.
Low temperatures SLOW GROWTH. put stress on growth.

John Lister's Claim to Fame

LISTERINE! First use of antiseptic to save lives!!

Segmented

Influenza A has a _______ genome. It is easy to break and make them.

Norovirus, Rotovirus

______ and ______ cause diarrhea and are especially fatal in children of the developing world.

phosphodiester bonds.

The DNA backbone is composed of ______.

Antiparallel

DNA strands come together in an ______ fashion.

Transformation

is the transfer of free DNA into bacterial cells.

Conjugation

is the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another.

Transduction

is the process in which bacteriophages carry host DNA from one cell to another.

Streptomycin

antibiotic that affects Translation.
inhibits 70S ribosome formation.

Tetracycline

antibiotic that affects Translation.
Inhibits aminoacyl-tRNA binding to the A site.

Chloramphenicol

antibiotic that affects Translation.
inhibits peptidytransferase.

Erythromycin

antibiotic that affects Translation.
Causes abortive translocation.

Rifamycin B

antibiotic that affects Transcription.
inhibits initiation of transcription.

Translation begins at the _____ codon and ends at the ______.

Start codon: AUG
Stop codon: UAG, UAA, UGA

promotor

signals the beginning of the gene.

Sigma factor

_______ helps the core enzyme detect the promotor.

Gene Rearrangements

gene expression can also be controlled through _______.
Ex: Salmonella changes Flagellum from one type to another by rearranging (inverting) a DNA segment that contains the promoter that controls one flagella type and the repressor for the other second flagella type... so now the other flagella type is made and this is called phase variation.

Phase Variation

some microbes use gene regulation to periodically change their appearance in a process called __________.

Chemotaxis

_______ is a behavior in which motile bacteria swim toward favorable environments or away from unfavorable environments.
"Random Walk"- Toward food by sensing the environment. hot/cold. caused by swims and tumbles.

Two-component signal transduction system

Detection of food occurs through a process that is like a _______________________: the food receptors that are like the sensor kinase and the protein that controls the flagellar motion is like the response regulator.

Catabolism

breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones.

Anabolism

reactions that build cells.

Energy

is the ability to do work.

Catabolism... Anabolism

______ provides the energy for _________.

Electron donor

is a reducing agent.

Electron acceptor

is an oxidizing agent.

TCA Cycle production

Produced: 3 CO₂ , 4 NADH, 1 FADH₂ 1 ATP

Why can't microbes in general survive on glycolysis and TCA alone?

Must have oxidative phosphorylation

SALMONELLA

What pathogen is the leading cause of hospitalization/death from a foodborne pathogen?

Clostridium Botulinum toxin

causes flaccid paralysis.
don't eat grandma's green beans... "home canning".

Vibrio cholerae

causative agent for cholera. secretes cholera toxin which an AB5 toxin which caused the host cells to secrete Cl^-, HCO^-, and water.

About this deck

By: Megan Mick
Created: 2011-05-02
Size: 100 flashcards
Views: 69

About StudyBlue

“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy