Final_Exam.doc

Exam 4 Review Chapter 13 What is the conflict in middle childhood, according to Erikson?s theory? Industry vs Inferiority How do children?s self-concept change in middle childhood, compared to early childhood? Who do children in middle childhood often compare themselves to, which influences their self-concept? How are child-rearing practices related to children?s self-esteem? Describe the difference between mastery-oriented attributions and learned helplessness What is attribution retraining? Describe problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. What is the sequence of coping that children in middle childhood typically follow? How are peer groups typically formed in middle childhood? What is the defining feature of friendship in middle childhood? What are the different categories of peer acceptance and what is the pattern of votes associated with each? How does gender identity change across middle childhood? What is coregulation? What does research show about the efficacy of gay parents? Do children of homosexual parents differ from those of heterosexual parents? What are children typically afraid of during middle childhood? School phobia is the most common anxiety disorder in middle childhood. How is children (ages 5-7) fear of going to school different from that of older children?s (ages 11-13) fear of school? Chapter 14 What is the difference between adolescence and puberty? What are the ages associated with each of the substages of adolescence? Which sex typically reaches puberty first? Which hormones are important for growth and sexual maturation in adolescence? What?s the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics? Name an example of each. In what way does nutrition or body weight affect timing of puberty? How might you ensure that an adolescents has a more positive reaction to the onset of puberty? How do parent-child relationships change during adolescence? How does early development in puberty affect males? What about females? What behaviors are typically associated with anorexia nervosa? What behaviors are typically associated with bulimia nervosa? What is the leading cause of death in adolescents? What percentage of sexually active adolescents DO NOT use any form of contraception? What are some characteristics of effective sexual education programs? What are the different patterns of drug and alcohol use in adolescence? Chapter 15 What is the major cognitive advance in the formal operational period? What is the pendulum problem? How do adolescents perform on this compared to children? What is at the heart of scientific reasoning? What is the imaginary audience? What is the personal fable? In regards to decision making, do adolescents use rational, logical thought or intuition to make their choices? How do adolescents? vocabularies change during adolescence? How does parent-school involvement affect adolescents? academic achievement? What are the phases of vocational development? What are the different personality types associated with vocational choices, as theorized by Holland? Over the past 30 years, there have been many gains in employment equality for women. Name some of the ways in which there are still inequalities between men and women in the workforce. Chapter 16 What is the conflict in adolescence, according to Erikson?s theory? How does self-concept change in adolescence, compared to childhood? What are some additional categories of self-esteem added in adolescence? What happens to self-esteem across adolescence? What are the four identity statuses? What are the different levels of moral development, and which level are most individuals in by early adulthood? What is gender intensification? Increase gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior, and movement towards a more traditional gender identity. (stronger for girls) What is autonomy? A sense of oneself as a separate self-governing individual. What is the single most consistent predictor of mental health in adolescence? Parent-child relationship What characteristics are most important in friendships during adolescence? Intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty What is the difference between a clique and a crowd? Clique is smaller, usually same-sex. (crowd are larger, temporary sense of identity, based on social status. What is the most common psychological problem during adolescence? Are girls or boys more likely to be depressed during adolescence? Is suicide the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd leading cause of death in adolescence? Describe gender differences in suicidal attempts/completions. Describe the trend in delinquent acts across adolescence.