Flashcard-FINAL CARDS

Psychology 110 with Sonnentag at Kansas State University

About this deck

By: Zachary Bowser
Textbook:

Psychology Ninth Edition in Modules
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 62 flashcards
Views: 26

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Personality

an individuals unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Barnum Effect

1. our tendency to accept as valid descriptions of our personality that are generally true of everyone
2. refers to the gullibility of people when reading descriptions of themselves
3. named after P.T. Barnum (there's a sucker born every minute)

Personality Theory

a way to describe and explain similarities and differences in people's patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalytic theory

Psychoanalytic Theory

1. theory of personality that attributes thoughts & actions to unconscious motives & conflicts, especially sexual & aggressive drives experience during childhood
2. disorders result from the inability to control these sexual & unconscious drives

Unconscious

term used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, drives that are below level of conscious awareness

Personality Structure - ID

completely unconscious component that is irrational and seeks immediate satisfactions of drives

Pleasure Principle

motivated to obtain pleasure

Personality Structure - Super Ego

partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component that is formed through the internalization of values

Personality Structure - Ego

rational component that attempts to satisfy the ID & Super Ego

Reality Principle

accommodates internal and external demands by postponing gratification until an appropriate time

Freud's Psychosexual Stages (6)

1. ORAL - pleasures from the mouth
2. ANAL - focuses on bowel and bladder elimination
3. PHALLIC - pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous feelings
4. LATENCY - dormant sexual feelings
5. GENITAL - maturation of sexual feelings

Psychosexual Stages - Fixation

at each psychosexual stage, if the child does not overcome the conflict, they can become "stuck" or fixated. this results in lasting behaviors associated with the particular stage

Psychosexual Stages - Oedipus Complex (Boys)

a child's unconscious sexual desire for the opposite sex parent, usually accompanied by hostile feelings toward same-sex parent

Psychosexual Stages - Electra Complex (Girls)

parallel process to Oedipus Complex

Defense Mechanisms - Repression

to banish anxiety provoking thoughts/feelings from conscious memory

Freudian Slip

slip of the tongue without thinking

Defense Mechanisms - Regression

to retreat to a more infantile stage (thumb sucking)

Defense Mechanisms - Reaction Formation

to switch the unacceptable impulse to the opposite

Defense Mechanisms - Projection

disguise two impulses by attributing them to others

Defense Mechanisms - Rationalization

offers self-justifying explanations in place of real more, more threatening reasons for one's actions

Defense Mechanisms - Displacement

to place impulses toward a more "acceptable" less threatening person/object

Defense Mechanisms - Denial

to refuse to believe or even to recognize painful realities

Freud used "Free Association"

1. a technique that allows a person to talk freely
2. express underlying issues that are often unacceptable (unconscious)

Projective Tests

1. a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli esigned to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics (uses free association)

a. Thematic Apperception Test
b. Rorshach inkblot test - Herman Rorschach*

Trait

1. a relatively stable characteristic or disposition to feel and/or behave in a certain way
a. assessed by self-report inventories (questionnaires)

2-Dimension Theory (Hans & Sybil Eysenck)

1. introversion v. extroversion
2. emotionally stable v. unstable

16 personality factors

Raymond Cattell* - advocated for 16 factors - most widely used in personality assessment

Big Five - OCEAN (McCrae & Costa)

1. Openness - imaginative, independent
2. Conscientiousness - organized, careful, discipline
3. Extroversion - social, fun-loving, affectionate
4. Agreeableness - soft, trusting, helpful
5. Neuroticism - calm, secure, self-satisfied

2 Debates

1. stability v. change debate
2. person v. situation debate

Social Cognitive Perspective (Albert Bandura)

1. behavior is influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context
2. personality and situation interact to influence behavior

Personality Shapes

1. selection of situations
2. interpretation & reaction to situations
3. situations themselves

The Self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, & actions

Self-Efficacy

the belief individuals have about their abilities capabilities to meet the demands of a particular situations

Spotlight Effect

overestimating others noticing & evaluating us. presume the "spotlight" is on us

Self-Serving Bias

tendency to perceive oneself favorably. involves taking credit for others achievements

False Uniqueness

tendency to perceive our good qualities are rare and perceive our failures as more common

False Consensus

tendency to believe that more people agree with us than disagree with us

Psychological Disorders

1. deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patters of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Trephination

drilling of holes in one's skull in an attempt to release evil spirits and cure those with mental disorders

Abnormal

Criteria Include:
1. Atypical (statistically infrequent)
2. Maladaptive (personal distress)
3. Disturbing/Socially Deviant
4. Psychologically Disorganized

DSM-IV-TR

book of mental disorders

DSM 5 Axes (5)

1. Clinical Disorder
2. Personality Disorders & Retardation
3. Medical Conditions
4. Environment Issues
5. General Assessment of Functioning

Medical Model

idea that diseases (psychological disorders), have some physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured

Biopsychosocial Model

idea that biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to produce

Axis 1 Disorders (4)

1. somatoform
2. anxiety
3. dissociative
4. schizophrenia

Somatoform

deal with perceived discomfort/pain whose source cannot be identified
(war movie example)

Anxiety

deal with anything that may cause worry or persistent distress. often accompanied with maladaptive behaviors to reduce anxiety

Dissociative

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Schizophrenia

characterized by severely-disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Types of Somatoform (3)

1. Hypochondriasis - oversensitivity to symptomologies and persistent belief that something
2. Conversion Disorder - emotional or mental trauma causing paralysis
3. Body Dysmorphic Disorder - extreme discomfort with imperfections of the body

Types of Anxiety (3)

1. Panic Disorder - marked by unpredictable minute-long episodes of intense dread. often accompanied by chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
2. Phobias - a disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and audience of a specific object or situation
3. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and or actions

Types of Dissociation (3)

1. Dissociative Fugue - person suffers from memory ailment and "leaves", often times assuming a new identity
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder - a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
3. Depersonalization Disorder - disorder characterized by extreme feelings of being detached from or outside

Social Psychology

study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations

Attitudes

are feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects people, and events

Attribution Theory

theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons personality

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency for observers of another's behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions

Social Influence (4)

1. Persuasion - producing an attitude or behavioral change
2. Compliance - is publicly acting in accordance with social pressures while privately disagreeing
3. Conformity - is producing real change in belief and behavior as a result of real or imagined social pressure
4. Obedience - is producing a change in behavior by direct order

Persuasion

1. Elaboration Likelihood Model (E.L.M.) - a model of how attitudes are formed and changed
2. Central Route to Persuasive (Facts) - using arguments to persuade; target most be cognitively capable of understanding and following arguments (need facts)
3. Peripheral Route to Persuasion (ex. Brad Pitt) - uses superficial cues to persuade; example includes a speakers attractiveness

Compliance

1. Foot-in-the-door Technique - tendency for people to agree to small request then later comply with larger request ($1 - $7)
2. Lowball - start with the initial attractive offer to get compliance, then make term less favorable
3. Door-in-the-face - make large request, knowing it will be turned down, then ask smaller request ($100 - $50)
4. That-it-not-all - to offer additional benefits

Why do they work?

1. Self Perception - want to see self as helpful
2. Norm of Reciprocity - see need to return the favor
3. Cognitive Dissonance - attitude and behavior must match (if don't, you change attitude and behavior)