Flashcards for Final

Journalism 1001 with Moody at University of Colorado Boulder

About this deck

By: Ainslee Mac Naughton
Textbook:

Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 183

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Time-space compression

idea that electronic communication has essentially reduced distances between people because of nearly instantaneous communication, which has also 'sped up' our notions of time

circuit switching

original system used for telephony, in which circuits connected 2 people. once the circuit was connected, people on either end of the circuit used the whole circuit exclusively. when they hung up, circuit was disconnected by an operator

packet switching

a type of switching within a network, in which info is divided up into "packets" and transported as separate packets. at the end of the route, the packets are reassembled in their proper order and delivered over Internet/telephone line

Sarnoff's Law

created by RCA executive David Sarnoff. states that value of network increases linearly with number of people on it

Metcalfe's Law

value of a network rises in proportion to the square of the number of people on that network. the more people who are connected to a network in which they can communicate with each other, the more valuable that network becomes

Reed's Law

value of an interactive communication network with n members increases exponentially, or 2 to the nth power

Modem

modulate-demodulate; a device that converts digital signals from a computer to analog signals for tx over phone line and converts analog signals to digital signals

peer-to-peer network (P2P)

a network in which all computers on the network are considered equal and can send and receive information equally well; basis of file sharing networks

spam

unwanted email sent out by advertisers as a mass mailing

client/server

a network model, predominant in the Internet today, that relies on a centralized computer, or server, that stores content that the audience, or clients, access

network neutrality

the idea that the Internet should treat all content that comes through it equally and that Internet service providers should not charge higher rates to frequent users or for certain types of content or applications

astroturf

the practice of creating a movement or campaign so that it looks like it was created by concerned citizens as a grassroots movement, but was actually created or controlled by a large organization group

fair use

an exception to copyright law that allows someone to use an excerpt of a work without paying for its use

open source

any program whose source code the programmer allows others to see; lets others modify and improve it

swarming

the process used by some P2P systems in which multiple downloaders of the same file are temporarily coordinated in order to speed up the downloading process

distributed computing

individual, autonomous computer that work together toward a common goal, typically a large, complex project that requires more computing power than any individual computer could have

watermark

a symbol or mark embedded in a photograph that identifies who owns the copyright for that photograph; with digital media, any piece of content can be watermarked, and the watermark, itself digital, can be completely invisible

agenda setting

the idea that electronic consumption has essentially reduced distances between people because of nearly instantaneous communication, which has also 'sped up' our notions of time

tagging

defining a piece of info, file, image, or other type of digital media in a non-hierarchical system that helps describe what the info is

folksonomies

a collection of tags created by users that provide meta-data, or data about data, regarding information

widget

a portable chunk of code that can be embedded in HTML pages and that often gives users extra functionality to their pages

listservs

automated mailing-list administrators that allow for easy subscription, subscription cancellation, and sending of emails to subscribers on the list

opt in

the practice of letting consumers choose to receive mailings or marketing material by having them check a box on a web site, usually when registering for the site

newsgroups

categories for discussion groups within Usenet

lurker

a person on an online discussion board who does not contribute to discussions by posting messages but who simply reads what others write

instant messaging

a form of real-time communication through typed text over a computer network

scrolling

the practice of simply repeating the same message in a chat room, which quickly draws the ire of other participants

blog or weblog

a type of website in which a person posts regular journal or diary entries with the posts arranged chronologically

Wiki

a website that lets anyone add, edit, or delete pages and content

Troll

a person who purposely vandalized Wikipedia entries by inserting false or nonsensical information

influencer

a person who can influence others int heir social network to perform an action or change an attitude

strong ties

in social network analysis, the tight bonds between people in a 'small world' of close connections

weak ties

in social network analysis, the connections between people in different 'small worlds,' which tend not to be as tight or as close as strong ties but that are nevertheless extremely important in social networks

hub

a node that has many connections to other nodes in a social network

six degrees of separation

the idea that everyone in the world is separated from each other by at most six other nodes in a social network

small world

a tight-knit social network with many strong ties

produsers

the notion that audiences cannot simply be considered consumers anymore but also often take an active role in producing content or information

word-of-mouth marketing

marketing that takes place among customers through discussions with each other

astroturfing

Marshall McLuhan

a communication scholar who wrote Understanding Media and The Gutenberg Galaxy, among other books; most famous for creating the 'global village' metaphor regarding electronic media and his often-misunderstood phrase 'the medium is the message

codex

a manuscript book of individually bound pages

Johannes Gutenberg

German printer credited with creating the first mechanical printing press in Europe in 1455

dime novel

the first paperback book form, which cost ten cents; made it accessible even to the poor

surveillance

primarily the journalism function of mass communication, which provides information about the processes, issues, events, and other developments in society

correlation

the ways in which media interprets events and issues and ascribes meanings that help individuals understand their roles within the larger society and culture

entertainment

a function of mass communication that is performed in part by all 3 of the other 4 main functions (surveillance, correlation, cultural transmission) but also involves the generation of content designed exclusively to entertain

Benjamin Day

publisher of the New York Sun; he ushered in the era of the penny press when, on 9/3/1833, he began offering his paper on the streets for a penny

penny press

newspapers that sold for a penny, making them accessible to everyone; differed from older newspaper forms in that they tried to attract as large an audience as possible and were supported by advertising rather than subscriptions

joint operating arrangements (JOAs)

legal agreements that permit newspapers in the same market or city to merge their business operations for reasons of economics yet maintain independent editorial operations

newspaper preservation act

created in 1970; intended to preserve a diversity of editorial opinion in communities where only 2 competing, or independently owned, daily newspapers exist

phonograph

patented by Edison in 1877 as a 'talking machine'; used tinfoil cylinder to record voices from telephone conversations; successive technological improvements in electronics and the type of material the sounds were recorded on improved sound quality

graphophone

an improvement on Thomas Edison's phonograph in recording audio; used beeswax to record sound rather than tinfoil; developed by Bell and Charles Tainter

gramophone

developed by Emile Berliner; used a flat disc to record sound rather than cylinder that was used up to that time

major labels

4 biggest recording-arts companies that control much of the music industry partly through their powerful distribution channels and ability to market music to mass audiences; Universal Music Group, Sony Music, EMI, Warner Music Group

independent labels

any small record-production and distribution companies that aren't part of the 4 major-label companies; include companies producing only 1-2 albums a year, as well as larger companies (e.g. Disney); produce 66% of music per year but only 20% of sales

Payola

cash or gifts given to radio DJs by record labels in exchange for greater airplay given to the label's artists or most recent songs; now illegal after several scandals in 1950s

long tail

the notion that selling a few of many types of items can be as profitable or even more profitable than selling many copies of a few items (e.g. Amazon, Netflix)

digital rights management (DRM)

technologies that let copyright owners control the level of access or use allowed for a copyrighted work (e.g. limiting the # of times a song can be copied)

broadcast

the original usage was agricultural - casting seeds widely in a field rather than depositing them one at a time; notion transferred to fledgling electronic medium of radio and later TV

Granville T. Woods

inventor of railway telegraphy in 1887 (wireless comm that allowed moving trains to communicate with each other and with stations -> greatly reduced # of railway collisions)

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian inventor; creator of radio telegraphy/wireless transmission in 1899

Lee de Forest

the "father" of radio broadcasting technology bc of his invention that permitted reliable voice technology for both point-to-point communication and broadcasting

Edwin Howard Armstrong

inventor of FM radio transmission; Columbia University engineering prof

David Sarnoff

head of RCA; pushed development of TV as a mass medium yet blocked the development of FM radio for years bc its adoption would hurt AM listenership and reduce demand for AM radio receivers, which RCA produced and sold

Federal Radio Commission (FRC)

formed by radio act of 1927; precursor to the FCC; created a policy that favored fewer, high-powered radio broadcasting stations rather than more numerous, low-power stations

Radio Act of 1927

replaced Radio Act of 1912; created FRC; gave gov greater regulatory and enforcement powers over radio, as well as establishing the premise that the airwaves were a public good and limited

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

principal communications regulatory body at the federal level in the US, established in 1934

daypart

a segment of time used by radio and TV program planners to decide who the primary audience is during that time of day or night

camera obscura

a dark box or room with a small hole in it that allowed an inverted image of an outside scene to be shown on the opposite inner wall

Mathew B. Brady

a famous photographer of the 19th century who took portraits of many well-known people of his day as well as Civil War battlefield photographs

Thomas Alva Edison

inventor of electric light, phonograph, Kinetoscope, etc; lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey, had over 60 scientists, and produced as many as 400 patent applications a year

Georges Melies

an early French filmmaker who pioneered the use of special effects in film in order to show imaginiative stories

independent films

films made by production companies outside the main Hollywood studios

time shift

recording an audio or video event for viewing later rather than when the event was originally broadcast (e.g. DVR)

cathode-ray tube (CRT)

a device, still used in most TV screens and computer monitors, in which electrons are transmitted to a screen for viewing

John Logie Baird

Scottish inventor who created the first mechanically scanned TV device, in 1923; his 30-line TV had better resolution than the first attempts at electronic televisions

Vladimir Zworykin

inventor of an improved cathode-ray tube he called the 'iconoscope' that is the basis for the CRTs still used today in TV sets and many computer monitors; considered one of the fathers of electronic TV

multipoint multichannel distribution system (MMDS)

a type of terrestrial wireless service that can transmit as many as 33 analog TV channels over the air via microwave transmission, and up to 99 compressed digital channels

Community Antenna TV (CATV)

known as cable; developed in 1948 so communities in hilly or remote terrain could still access TV broadcasts

coaxial cable

an insulated and conducting wire that is typically used for most cable TV connections

optical fiber

a transparent filament, usually made of glass or plastic, that uses light to carry info; makes transmission of info much faster and with much greater capacity than twisted-pair copper wires or coaxial cable

superstation

a local TV station that reaches a national audience by beaming its programming nationwide via satellite to local cable systems, which then transmit the program to local subscribers

epistemology

a way of or framework for understanding the world

social constructionism

a view that says that much if not all of what we know and understand about the world, including scientific knowledge, is constructed through our social interactions and language

postmodernism

a broad category of viewpoints that claim that there is no absolute truth, that truth is unknowable, and that attempts to create grand narratives that explain the world are faulty

pragmatism

a school of thought that claims that truth is found in actions that work and that no overarching or purely objective notion of truth can be found

quantitative research

research that focuses on numbers and measures and experimentation to describe phenomena; researchers usually have a hypothesis they are trying to prove or disprove through controlled experimentation

qualitative research

research that describes phenomena in words instead of numbers or measure; e.g., ethnographic studies (like interviews with people to learn about beliefs or trends); also called critical-cultural studies

ethnography

variety of qualitative research techniques that involve the researcher interacting with participants, either through observation, participation, interviews, or a combo of methods

participant-observation

qualitative research technique in which the researcher participates as a member of the group being studied

semiotics

the study of signs and symbols

hypodermic-needle model

model of media effects largely derived from learning theory and simple stimulus-response models in behavioral psychology, that states media messages have a profound, direct, and uniform impact on the public

Bobo doll studies

experiments done in '50s that showed that children who watched violent episodes on TV in which the violent person was rewarded were more likely to punch a Bobo doll than children who saw violent episodes in which the violent person was punished

cultivation analysis

a theory of media effects that states TV cultivates in audiences a view of reality similar to the world portrayed in TV programs; e.g. viewing murders on TV won't increase chances that you'll murder but does lead to belief that world is a more dangerous place than it actually is

spiral of silence hypothesis

states that people (1) are naturally afraid of isolation, (2) realize that if they are in the minority on an issue they will likely be isolated, (3) have a kind of sixth sense that helps them gauge when their opinions are contrary to the majority

media literacy

process of interacting with media content and critically analyzing it by considering its particular presentation, its underlying political or social messages, and ownership and regulation issues that may affect what is presented and in what form

subtext

persuasive messages that supposedly happen below the level of consciousness (e.g. quickly flashing an image on a screen); despite concerns about subliminal advertising, no firm proof that they work

actualities

edited audio clips from people interviewed

voice-over

an unseen announcer or narrator talking while other activity takes place, either on radio or during a TV scene

laugh track

a device used in TV sitcoms that generates prerecorded laughter, timed to coincide with punch links of jokes

hypertext

text online that is linked to another web page, website, or diff part of same web page by HTML coding

RSS feed

short for really simple syndication; lets users easily subscribe to feeds from a blog or website

Digg

popular website in which users submit material to be voted on by other users, with the most popular material appearing on the homepage

electronic program guides (EPG)

guides available on TV that provide program listings and some simple interactivity (e.g. ordering pay-per-view programs)

product placement

the practice of advertisers paying for actual products to be used and shown prominently in TV shows and movies

media oligopoly

a marketplace in which media ownership and diversity is severely limited and the actions of any single media group substantially affect its competitors, inc. determining the content and price of media products for both consumers and advertisers

social marketing

practice of using advertising and marketing techniques to persuade people about changing bad or destructive behaviors or adopting good behaviors

About this deck

By: Ainslee Mac Naughton
Textbook:

Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication
Created: 2010-12-09
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 183

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis