flashcards on evolution

Anthropology 200 with Aubry at Ohio State University - All Campuses

About this deck

By: Vijay Veerula
Textbook:

Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology
Created: 2010-04-22
Size: 102 flashcards
Views: 4

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First page Back Examples of natural selection

Flightless birds
Insular dwarfism
Bacterial resistance

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Artificial selection How can we explain this First problem

There is change over time in the flora and fauna of the Earth

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There is change over time in the flora and fauna of the Earth

What we would commonly call ?evolution? today
The fossil record showed this to be pretty clear, even to people in the mid 1800s
This was not controversial in Darwin?s time, and is not now.

Linnaeus

Developed the modern taxonomic system for plants and animals ( Systema Natura (1835)).
Grouped animals and plants based on similarities
Committed to the idea of the fixity of species

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Natural selection and speciation

Over time particular traits that are favorable in a particular environment become more common in the population
Over long periods of time, successful variations accumulate in a population, so that later generations are distinct from ancestral ones ( anagenesis ).
Geographic isolation may lead to a species splitting into more than one species. As populations become geographically isolated from one another they adapt to...

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Natural selection ? key points Natural Selection: Types

Sexual Selection

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How can this be adaptive Sexual Selection

Sexual Selection

Sexual dimorphism

Def. Distinction between the secondary sexual characteristics of males and females

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Reproductive fitness

Reproductive or evolutionary fitness

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Usually have no adaptive advantage other than to attract mates

Often conflicts with natural selection

Reproductive or evolutionary fitness

The relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation
Success of an organism in producing progeny

The Third Problem

Adaptation

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Adaptation

Species of plants and animals seemed to be particularly adapted to their environment.

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All species are capable of producing offspring at a faster rate than food supplies increase (e.g salmon lay 2500 eggs per cycle)

One hundred (100) beetles can produce 6.1 x 1028 (61 with 27 zeros after it) offspring in only 82 weeks (less than two years). Each beetle weighs 10 mg, and if they all survive, their total weight after 82 weeks would be 6.1 x 1021 (61 with 20 zeros after it) metric tons, equal to the weight of the entire earth.

Artificial selection Scientific revolution

Early scientific ideas on anatomy and geology
People began to look for explanations of the natural world and of natural phenomena
Prior to the scientific revolution people looked to religious works to explain the world.

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How natural selection works Charles Darwin

He knew about fossils
Collected many fossils of extinct animals
Knew about Llyell?s theory of uniformitarianism theory of geology
Read Malthus (an economist) on population and competition for resources.
His ideas developed steadily over 20 years

Prior to the scientific revolution people looked to religious works to explain the world.

1650 ? James Ussher dated the earth to just before nightfall on October 23rd 4004 BCE
It was also believed that species had not changed since their creation

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Evolutionary theory

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Key points: Natural selection

There is biological variation within all species
Because in each generation more individuals are produced than can survive, there is competition between individuals
Those who possess favorable variations of traits have an advantage over individuals who do not possess them.

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

?Cave dwelling fish don?t use their eyes so they disappear?
?We don?t use our appendix so it is disappearing?
?We will all have giant heads and tiny bodies someday?

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Artificial selection Evolutionary thinking

Darwin and Wallace (1823-1913)
Darwin developed ideas on natural selection in early 1840s (1844 essay), but did not publish
Received a letter from Wallace in 1858 outlining natural selection
1858 presentation in London at a meeting of the Linnaean Society
1859 publication of Origin of Species

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Key points

Natural selection

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Different types of selection

Directional Selection
What most of us think about when we think about selection
An extreme value is selected for

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Natural Selection: Types

Sexual Selection

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Sexual Selection

Sexual dimorphism

Natural selection

The theory of natural selection is so simple that anyone can misunderstand it?. ( Anonymous )
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) saw three problems in need of a solution.

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Continue Last page First page Back What is evolution

Change in a species through time.

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) saw three problems in need of a solution.

Darwin was not the only one to see these problems
Other ?Naturalists? were struggling with the same issues

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Scientific revolution

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) Demonstrated that fossils were the remains of animals were now extinct. However, he did not believe that species evolved and instead proposed catastrophism (earth?s surface changed quickly and violently)
Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Charles Lyell ? father of modern geology

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Different kinds of selection

Stabilizing or Normalizing selection
The middle is selected for
Many examples here

Charles Lyell (1797-1875) Charles Lyell ? father of modern geology

Fluvialism ? water erosion shaped the earth?s surface
Uniformitarianism ? process same throughout earth?s history

Charles Darwin

Natural Selection provides a mechanistic account of how these things occurred and shows how they are intimately related.

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Many examples here

Birth weight
Brain size at birth

Evolution by natural selection

?Descent with modification from a common ancestor, NOT random modification, but, modification shaped by natural selection?

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Continue Last page What is the outcome of the selective process Darwin?s problems

Had no understanding of heredity
Had no understanding of genetics

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Had no understanding of heredity

Had little idea how traits were passed on (believed in blending)

Evolution: The Basics

What is Evolution
What is a population
What is a species

Had no understanding of genetics

Had no understanding of how variation within a species occurred
Darwin accepted Larmarck?s use/disuse theory

Evolution

The Basics

What is Evolution

any change in allele (gene) frequencies in a population over time

How does it work

REPRODUCTION is the key, not merely survival
If you survive to be 128 but have no kids, your reproductive fitness is zero

What is a population

A localized group of organisms which belong to the same species

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What is a species

A group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature

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Natural Selection

= the differential success in reproduction of variants in a population

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The Second Problem

There is a taxonomic relationship among living things

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There is a taxonomic relationship among living things

People were big into classifying stuff
It was pretty obvious that there was a relationship between different species

Why do organisms ?match? their environment

the ?match? is genetic
the ?match? is induced by environment

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It was pretty obvious that there was a relationship between different species

Different birds, different grasses, different cats etc

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About this deck

By: Vijay Veerula
Textbook:

Our Origins: Discovering Physical Anthropology
Created: 2010-04-22
Size: 102 flashcards
Views: 4

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis