genetics final vocab

Biological Sciences 2200 with Birchler at University of Missouri- Columbia

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By: Wesley White
Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 52 flashcards
Views: 75

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Transposable Elements

Are segments of DNA that can movie from one place in the genome to another. They arepreent in virtually every organism from bacteria to yeast, fruitflies, plants and humans

Direct Repeat

When transposable elements insert into a new chromosomal location, they generate a _____ of the target sequence. Even when a transposable element leaves a locus, the repeat generally remains.

Terminal Inverted Repeats

needed for transposition or movement. These are recognized bytransposase.

Transposase

The function of the movement of the Ac or the Ds is encoded by Ac and the protein involved is called transposase. They also recognize TIR’s.

Retrotransposons

type of transposable element that can cause some cancer and AIDS. they all have a gag and pol gene and are similiar to retroviruses and are 5-8.5 kb. sometimes have an env gene

Retroviruses

singles stranded RNA that are replicated via a double stranded DNA intermediate. They are bound by long terminal repeats. They are not inverted. Contain three genes gag, pol, env, and contain promoter and transcriptional termination signals.

reverse transcriptase

an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand from an RNA template.

Long terminal repeats

a direct repeat of DNA sequence at the 5' and 3' ends of retroviruses and retro transposons.

homomorphic sex chromosomes

a pair of chromosomes like any other (not cytologically distinct) but differ for the major sex determination gene. Fish, amphibian, and reptiles.

heteromorphic sex chromosomes

One of the homologues carrying the major sex determination gene becomes degenerate or otherwise cytologically distinct. this is the case in humans.

Gynandromorph

If a fly starts development as and XX individual an done X is lost, part of the fly is XX= female and part is XO= male. Different parts being different sexes.

Dosage Compensation

A mechanism that equalizes the expression of the X chromosome between the sexes.

Pseudoautosomal Region

It is present at the end of the arms of the X and the arms of the Y in mammals (humans), where recombination is very high in the region.

Testis Determining Factor (TDF)

gene has been cloned from the Y. A contiguous collection of DNA fragments from the Y was made and used to analyze sex reversal individuals.

Lyon Hypothesis

One of the two X chromosomes in female mammals becomes inactive during development and remains inactive. In different lineages, a different X becomes inactive. Found only in mammals.

Fragile X syndrome

despiraled region near tip of the long arm of the mutant X chromosome.

Turners Syndrome

XO, and are female but have no Barr body so no X inactivation. Also they are short stature, small or no ovaries, no pubic hair and a webbed neck.

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

XXY, basically male in phenotype, have female pubic hair distribution and often breast development, and one Barr body.

TATA box

25-30 base pairs before the start of transcription, and also where transcription initiation complex forms.

CAAT box

about 80 base pairs, influences promoter activity.

enhancer

The regulatory elements that act at a relatively large distance. They are control elements that regulate transcription

silencer

Cis-acting elements that bind to repressors.

zinc finger

A type of transcription factor and contain hystine and cysteine residuals at intervals. They bind in the major groove of DNA and bind partway around the double helix.

leucine finger

a type of transcription factor, occurs in protein every seventh position. it is only thought to be active when it is dimerized with another protein

Helix-Loop-Helix

Used to provide surface for protein-protein interactions

Pattern Formation

the establishment of the adult body plan.

totipotent

cells that are uncommitted and that can give rise to an adult.

mosaic development

cell lineage determination if a particular cell is destroyed then an organ or group of cells is missing in the adult. this implies that a developmental program is set down at a certain stage and maintained.

regulative development

if a cell is destroyed early in development, others fill in to form organ. this implies the existence of signals that coordinate whole fields of ells during differentiation.

Morphogenetic gradient

The A/P polarity is determined by a gradient of regulatory factors.

Homeotic Genes

if a mutation in these genes, it can cause one structure to be replaced by another. e.g. antennae to legs, abdominal segments to thorax.

Inductive Interaction

The differentiation of cells is strongly dependent on signals from neighboring cells.

"Target Knockout" Mice

The function of the homologous homeotic genes was determinded by cloning the gene

Ti plasmid

in a soil bacterium that causes tumorous growth disease in plants.

biolistic gun

dna to be introduced is used to coat very small gold particles. pistol cartridge or compressed gas used to blase the dna coated particles into cells.

retroviral vector

a retrovirus can be modified to carry a normal enzyme and act like this.

gap 1 between the end of mitosis and tha tstart of DNA replication

gap 2 between replication and the beginning of mitosis

cyclins

the proteins that determine the progression from one step to the next

cyclin dependent protein kinases

the proteins that determine the progression from one step to the next

oncogenes

genes that are dominate where cancer can occur.

polyA tail

RNAs that are processed will have these tails on the 3' end

G-caps

RNAs that are processed have these on the 5' end

Microarray

A collection of gene sequences that are printed on slides

EST Expressed sequence tags

can be made by converting mRNA into copy DNA (cDNA)

BAC Bacterial artificial chromosomes

stretches of dna that are maintained in e. coli cells

cDNA

DNA that is made from mRNA the conversion of mRNA to DNA

bioinformatics

refers to the use of computer programs to predict the structure of genes from the genomic sequence.

apoptosis

during normals development a natural process of cell death occurs

Hox genes

they determine the positional information for other genes to cause differentiation.

About this deck

By: Wesley White
Created: 2010-12-08
Size: 52 flashcards
Views: 75

About StudyBlue

“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj