Genetics
Animal Production & Management with O'mara at Grayson Technical Program
About this deck
By: Nicole O'Mara
Created: 2012-02-02
Size: 56 flashcards
Views: 78
Created: 2012-02-02
Size: 56 flashcards
Views: 78
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Gregor Mendel
The Father of Genetics
Robert Bakewell
The Father of Animal Breeding
Mendel's two Laws
Law of Segregation & Law of Independent Assortment
Pea plants
Mendel studied these
Sheep and Cattle
Bakewell studied these animals
Heterozygous
These carry one dominant gene and one recessive gene
Homozygous
These carry two of the smae genes for a trait
P (Phenotype)
G (Genotype) + E (Environment) =
Genotype
Genetics make-up of an animal
Phenotype
An observed measure of performance
Dominant
This gene hides the effect of another gene
Recessive
This gene is the hidden gene
Complete Dominance
Form of dominance in which the homozygous dominant and heterozygous forms are phenotypically the same
Co-Dominance
Form of dominance where no allele is dominant over the other and the individual expresses both phenotypes
Incomplete Dominance
Form of dominance where both genes are partially expressed and the heterozygous is an intermediate; mixture
Over Dominance
Form of dominance where the heterozygote is outside the range of the parents; superior; don't breed two over dominants together
Gametes
Reproductive cells are also known as these
Trait
An observable or measureable characteristic of an animal
Hybrid Vigor
Improvement of the offspring resulting from favorable combinations of gene pairs from the parents; crossbreeds outproduce the parents
Genetics
The study of heredity of the way in which traits of parents are passed to offspring
Heritability
Amount of difference between animals that is passed from the parents to the offspring
Moderate Heritability
Production Traits (i.e. Yearling Weight, Age at puberty, Birth Weight, Milk Production, Feed Efficiency)
High Heritability
Carcass Traits (i.e. Retail Yield, Body Structure, Tenderness)
Low Heritability
Reproduction Traits (i.e. Litter Size, Fertility, # Born)
pp x Pp
You have a horned bull crossed with a polled cow. Through super ovulation they produce 40 offspring, 20 of which are polled. What are the parents genotypes?
Red - 1/4, Roan - 1/2, White - 1/4
You mate a roan to a roan. What are the possible proportions of outcomes?
Cat Coat Color, Color Blindness, Bladness, Hemophilia
Examples of Sex-linked traits
Y is not long enough to have matching genetic information on it
Why are sex-linked traits carried on the x-chromosome only?
25%
Carrier female mated to a normal male. What % of their offspring will be hemophilic?
1/2 NO Male, 1/2 O Male, 1/2 T Female, 1/2 NO Female
Non-orange Male
945/16384
Heterozygous Brown-eyed couple has 7 kids; P(4 blue, 3 brown kids)
B_E_ - Black, bbE_ - Chocolate, _ _ ee - Yellow
Genetic key for lab coat color
Epistasis
Interaction of alleles at different loci
bbEe x Bbee
Chocolate x Yellow; Their litter has all three colors; What are their genotypes?
Increase desired alleles, while decreasing undesired alleles
This is the goal of HWE
p2
Homozygous dominant form of HWE
2pq
Heterozygous form of HWE
q2
Homozygous recessive form of HWE
0.43; 0.49
50 head of cattle, 16 of which are red. What is the frequency of the black gene? What is the frequency of the heterozygote?
Accept
When the Chi Square is less than the table value (critical value)
Reject
When the Chi Square is greater than or equal to the table value (critical value)
Degrees freedom
# of Phenotypes - 1 =
Hardy Weinberg conditions/requirements
Large, random mating population with no mutation, migration, genetic drift, or selection
Complete Dominance; 3:1 expected ratio
In chi square when there are two phenotypes you should expect your hypothesis to look like this
Incomplete, Co-, or Over Dominance; 1:2:1 expected ratio
In chi square when there are three phenotypes you should expect your hypothesis to look like one of these
Risk (25%) of having Lethal Whites
This is why two Over Dominant animals should not be mated together
Over Dominant x Normal colored parent
Ideal breeding for over dominants to have a chance of at least 50% over dominant offspring
Genetic tree
Best way to figure a genetics key for three traits or to determine gametes for punnett squares
About this deck
By: Nicole O'Mara
Created: 2012-02-02
Size: 56 flashcards
Views: 78
Created: 2012-02-02
Size: 56 flashcards
Views: 78
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have used this website for three exams, and I see a huge difference in my test results.”
Naj
Naj