GeogNov11.ppt

Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan World-famous singer of Qawwali Qawwali: music of the Sufis of the subcontinent The ?golden voice? Urdu and Punjabi, but also in Persian, Brajbhasha and Hindi Born 1948 in Pakistan, died 1997 in London. From a family with 20 generations of Qawwali World exposure through Peter Gabriel Refers to language of sub-Pakistani regions The Narmada Project : a dam system A big system Goals Irrigation Hydropower Drinking water National pride How? >3000 dams (some are large, some are small) + 75,000 Km of (irrigation) canals http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2006/04/dont_damn_narma.html The Narmada Controversy Dams will submerge: 355 villages Farm land is submerged to irrigate farm land over the way 37,000 hectares of land; 11,318 of that arable 14,000 hectares forested areas Displacing at LEAST 2800 families About 80% Dalit or tribal Compensation: money or land Simultaneously a social and environmental issue Mass protests of Sardar Sarovar Dam Population: migration migrations from India to other parts of the world and where diasporic south Asian communities are appearing ? rural to urban in India is extremely important (financial reasons) Religion and geopolitics in South Asia Why is mostly Hindu India sandwiched between mostly Muslim Pakistan and Bangladesh? How did the British have control of South Asia until 1947? How did religion become so politicized in South Asia? Was it always? What is Gandhi famous for? Why did he wear traditional homespun Indian clothing (khadi)? ^ at least 6 major religions in South Asia Know them all and where: Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism ? not really how it looks like in a village or a city. It?s just shaded to show majority on large scale map Below shows that there are mixed religions in a larger area ? this is more accurate Religious presence by country: Hinduism (predominant in India, some in Pakistan and some in Bangladesh) Hindu temple in Delhi, India http://www.scsw-elca.org/india_pictures.htm Religious presence by country: Islam (predominant in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh ? majority of Shia but there are Sunni minorities ? religion and ethnicity do not always line up clearly) Badshai Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=2494249 Religious presence by country: Sikhism & Christianity Sikhism originated in the Punjab (top, longer arrow) and was before the time of the British ? arrived with the European arrival St. Thomas Basilica, Chennai, India http://tomonroad.blogspot.com/2007/11/st-thomas-apostle.html Sikh Temple at Amritsar (textbook, p. 377) Religious presence by country: Buddhism & Jainism (East Asia) Lumbini, Nepal: Buddha?s birthplace http://www.shubhyatra.com/uttar-pradesh/buddhist-sites.html Marble Buddha in Jain Temple, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, India http://www.travelphotosforyou.com/india_jaisalmer/india_jaisalmer_jain_temple_in_desert_white_buddha Branch of Buddhism (Jainism) and have heightened respect for life (usually vegans and vegetarians) ? certain plants are high enough orders of life that cannot be consumed. They are an exacting religion and thus their population is smaller. Extreme pacifists. State-established religions Bhutan: Buddhism as state religion Sri Lanka: recognizes Buddhism as state religion but there has been a movement that to recognize more Afghanistan: Islam Pakistan: Islam Bangladesh: Islam The Maldives: Islam India: secular (dates from time of partition 1947) Nepal: secular since May 2006 because of rebellion Pre-Hindu Civilization Beginnings of Hinduism Ganges Valley, 800 BCE Tenets of Hinduism: Karma ((right) actions) Can be individual and/or collective Dharma (right moral conduct) Reincarnation or Nirvana (enlightenment) Similar to Buddhism Diverse forms of worship, no orthodox creed At home or in temples Not one set of beliefs Hinduism The supreme creator depicted as different Gods and Goddesses, and in different incarnations (Avatars) Hindu Trinity of 3 Gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva Goddesses: Durga, Kali, Saraswati, Lakshmi and more Appear in different incarnations (avatars) and multiple names/form Share multiple sacred & epic texts in Sanskrit Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, Mahabharata Through these stores, people learn to practice correct conduct and way of Hindu life Caste system A hierarchical division of society Mostly occupation-based (historically) and kinship Much less important in urban areas than rural Emerged around 800 B.C. as a process of social differentiation (appeared in Ganges Valley at same time as Hinduism) Two concepts: Varna: fourfold social hierarchy Brahman (highest ? priests, learned), Kshatriya (warrior), Vaishya (traders, merchants, etc), and Shudra (peasants) Each caste belongs to one varna You could marry outside of your varna Jati: caste group; enacted by dining together and intermarrying (each Jati supposedly belongs to a varna but there are many crossing lines) Someone can easily recognize someone?s Jati by the last name But the system was always changing, not rigid? Caste is NOT mandated in any Hindu texts Debate about to follow or not follow caste is still contested Outcastes: the Dalits (the oppressed) Formerly called untouchables, scheduled castes Becoming ?untouchable? Working ?unclean occupations? (leather workers, funeral workers, public toilet cleaners, street sweepers) Considered ?dirty? Gandhi advocated for their rights Called the ?Harijan? Children of God to get rid of the time when they were called the untouchables 1947 Constitution banned caste discrimination Today: Dalit rights activism Figure 12.28 Geopolitical Change in South Asia: Three major geographies to know Arrival of Islam Brought by Arab traders, 700 CE/AD 1500 years after emergence of Islam Invasion by Turkic Muslims from Central Asia in 1000 CE Continued to move southward into 18th century The Mughal Empire, 1500s ? 1800s Powerful in 16th and 17th centuries Culture and empire Mughals from central Asia ?persianized? Blend of Central Asian (Turkish), Iranian and Indian cultures Religion and empire Mughal rulers Sunni muslims Hindus converted into Islam, esp. in NW and NE Policies on other religions varied Taj Mahal (Shah Jahan) Masterpiece of Mughal architecture Bankrupted empire to do this But Mughal empire faced constant challenges from Hindu kingdoms and Sikh kingdoms Beginnings of British colonialism 1500s: European traders settled on coasts Ignored by Mughal Empire (north) and Vijayanagara Kingdom (south) Expansion then decline of Mughal Empire 1600s: Mughal Empire expanded South 1700s: weakened Mughal Empire, rise of contending Hindu and Muslim states Enter the British East India Company? Early British Colonialism: British East India Company Rule Before Industrial Revolution, wanted Indian cotton textiles Achieved trade monopoly over European rivals (French, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch) Also control of opium and tea Strategic alliances to domination Seizing enemies? territory Demanding protection payments from small states Massive logging to force Indians into farming Control of South Asia by 1840s http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/stories/enlightenment_and_measurement/01.ST.06/?scene=8 From Company rule to Crown colony Allied states allowed power on condition? But their territories gradually taken by Company army 1856: Sepoy rebellion By Hindus and Muslims in Bengal Army Bengal army headed by British-controlled Raj Sepoys rebelled, announced last Mughal ruler of all India British government took control directly http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/east-india-company-influence.htm/printable British colonial rule of India British colonial rule for 200 years 1757 to 1947 Colonialism: formal rule of a territory by a distant, larger government for political and economic expansion India was ?the jewel in the crown? http://www.vam.ac.uk/images/image/36511-popup.html Impacts of Colonialism Opium production in India Fort St. George, Madras (Chennai) Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi Visionary leader of Indian National Congress Involved the masses and women For unified secular India Use of satyagraha ?soul force? ?civil disobedience Boycott of foreign goods (swadeshi) National strike Mass marches Salt March (Salt Satyagraha) Other leaders of the independence movement Ambedkar Nehru Jinnah Pre-Partition politics Independence movement British relationship with Muslims, Muslim League Partition of Bengal 1905 Creation of Muslim League 1906 1937 elections: Indian National Congress wins Nehru and Gandhi The Tragedy of Partition Country borders drawn up by 2 British administrators, Lord Mountbatten and Sir Radcliffe, in just six weeks Outcomes 12 million people forced into migration 1 million killed in riots Permanent refugees Stoking of Hindu and Islamic nationalisms Root of many South Asian geopolitical conflicts today