GGEOG Chapter 3

Geography 200 with Kraenzle at James Madison University

About this deck

By: Christina Bullock
Textbook: Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities
Created: 2010-11-10
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 30

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Spatial Interaction

the movement of peoples, ideas and commodities (goods bought and sold) within and between areas.

i.e. freight shipment, commuting, shopping trips, telecommunications, electronic cash transfers, migration, vacation travel

Edward Ullman's model for spatial interaction

observed that spatial interaction is effectively controlled by three flow-determing factors that he called:

complementarity
transferability
intervening opportunity

Complementarity

the actual or potential relationship of two places or regions that each produce different goods or services for which the other has an effective demand, resulting in an exchange between the locales

Transferability

Acceptable costs of a spatial exchange; the cost of moving a commodity relative to the ability of the commodity to bear that cost

Is a function of three interrelated conditions:

the characteristics and value of the product
the distance, measured in time and money penalties, over which it must be moved
the ability of the commodity to bear the costs of movement

Intervening Opportunities

the concept that closer opportunities will materially reduce the attractiveness of interaction with more distant--even slightly better--alternatives; a closer alternative source of supply between a demand point and the original source of supply

Friction of distance

a measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction.

Generally the greater the distance, the great the "friction" an the less the interaction or exchange, or the greater the cost of achieving the exchange.

Distance decay

the declining intensity of any activity, process, or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

Interaction between places is _____ related to the square of the distance separating them.

inveresely

Henry C. Carey observed:

that the physical laws of gravity and motion developed by Sir Isaac Newton were applicable to to the aggregate actions of humans

Newton's law of universal gravitation

states that the attractive pull between any two objects is proportional to the square of he distance between them

Big things have a stronger attraction force than do small objects and that things close to each other have stronger mutual attraction than do objects at greater distance

Law of Retail gravitation

AKA Reilly's law

states that two cities will attract trade from intermediate locales in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and i inverse proportion to the square of the distance of these two cities to the intermediate place.

Potential model

a measurement of the total interaction opportunities available under gravity model assumptions to a center in a multicenter system; tells us the relative position of each point in relation to all other places within a region

Movement bias

any aggregate control on or regularity of movement of people, commodities, or communication

Distance bias

a statement of movement bias observing that short journeys or interchanges are favored over more distant ones

Direction bias

a statement of movement bias observing that among all possible directions of movement or flow, one or only a very few are favored and dominant

Network bias

the view that the pattern of links in a network will affect the likelihood of flow between specific nodes (origin/destination)

Network

the areal pattern of sets of places and the routes (links) connecting them, along which movement can take place

Mobility

the general term applies to all types of human territorial movement; two types:

circulation
migration

Circulation

daily or temporary use of space; has no suggestion of relocation of residence

Migration

the permanent (or relatively permanent) relocation of an individual or group to a new, usually distant, place of residence and employment

Territoriality

an individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory

Personal Space

an invisible, usually irregular area around a person into which he or she does not willingly admit others. The sense (and extent) of personal space is a situational and cultural variable

Three Interrelated Variables that affect the extent of one's activity

stage in life course (age)
means of mobility at their command

demands or opportunities implicit in their daily activities

Space-time prism

a diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs and the means of mobility at our command

Critical distance

the distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play a determining role in the willingness or people to travel

Spatially significant information flows are of two types:

individual (person-to-person)
exchanges and mass (source-to-area)

Personal Communication Field

an area defined by the distribution of an individual's short-range informal communications. The size and shape of the field are defined by work, recreation, school ad other regular contacts and are affected by age, sex, employment, and other personal characteristics

Mass Communication

the formal, structured transmission of information in essentially a one-way flow between single points of origin and broad areas of reception

Place Perception

the awareness we have, as individuals, of home and distant places and the beliefs we hold about them

actions and decisions are based on place perception

Migration

the permanent relocation of residential place and activity space

Forced Migrations

the relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrants themselves

Voluntary (volitional) migration

individual response to the factors influencing all spatial decisions; majority of migratory movements

Push factors

negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate

Pull factors

presumed positive attractions of the migration destination

Place utility

the measure of an individual's satisfaction with a given residential location

Spatial Search

the process by which locational alternatives are evaluated

Step migration

a migration in which an eventual long-distance relocation is undertaken in stages as, for example, from farm to village to small town to city

Chain Migration

the mover is part of an established migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination

Counter (return) migration

the likelihood that 25% of all migrants will return to their place of origin

Channelized Migration

the tendency for migration to flow between areas that are socially and economically allied by past migration patterns, by economic and trade connections, or by some other affinity

Hierarchical migration

the observed tendency for individuals in domestic relocations to move up the level in the urban hierarchy from small places to larger ones

"Laws of Migration"

by E.G. Ravenstein

most migrants go only a short distance
longer-distance migration favors big city destinations
most migration proceeds step-by-step
most migration is from rural to urban
each migration flows produce a counterflow
most migrants are adults; families are less likely to make international move
most international migrants are young males

Rate

the frequency of an event's occurrence during a specified time period

Cohort

a population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit during their lifetimes

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

often referred to as birth rate; annual number of live births per 1000 population

Birth rates of __+ per 1000 are considered high; 18- per 1000 are low

30; 18

Total Fertility Rate

the average number of children that would be born to each woman if, during her childbearing years, she bore children at the current year's rate for women that age

Fertility rate

the average number of live berths per 1000 women of childbearing age

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

aka mortality rate; the annual number of deaths per 1000 population

Countries with a high proportion of elderly people would be expected to have _____ death rates

higher

Infant Mortality Rates

the ratio of deaths of infants aged 1 year or under per 1000 live births

AIDS has becomes the _____ most common cause of death worldwide

fourth

Population pyramid

a graphic device that represents a population's age and sex composition

Dependency Ratio

the number of dependents, old or young, that each 100 persons in the economically productive years must on average support

Natural Increase

the growth of a population through excess births over deaths, excluding the effects of immigration or emigration

derived by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

Doubling Time

the time period required for any beginning total experiencing a compounding growth to double in size

Demographic Transition

A model of the effect of economic development on population growth; model failed to anticipate tat the population history of Europe was not relevant to all developing countries

Cairo Plan

9 day meeting in Cairo in September 1994, when the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development endorsed a strategy for stabilizing the world's population at 7.27 by 2015; accepted by over 150 signatory countries

About this deck

By: Christina Bullock
Textbook: Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities
Created: 2010-11-10
Size: 59 flashcards
Views: 30

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis