Gov20 Final IDs

An approach to comp. pol. that focuses on deep running generalities, culture, and institutions. Rostow, Weber, Skocpol. Views leaders as a product of underlying circumstances. Usually overpredicts.

An approach to comp. pol. that focuses on individual leaders as catalysts for change. Lerner, Di Palma, Bates. View charismatic leaders as imperative for certain political outcomes. Difficult to provide evidence for these theories.

Theory in comp. pol. that all nations will experience same developments, just at different times. Rostow, “all good things come together." Lerner. Relates to Ec Develop, Demzation. Focuses on transition from agrarian to industrial society.

Core: Category of countries present in dependency theory. Ex.: U.S. + Western Europe. Exploit Periphery: taking natural resources from Africa. Periphery: Latin America, Africa, Asia. These countries are always exploited by the Core. According to dependency theory, periphery must break all ties with core in order to develop.

The value of manufactured good poor countries import increase while raw commodities exported from periphery do not. Periphery is negatively affected. Basically, Core's stuff is worth more than Periphery's stuff is worth less.

Gerschenkron's idea. Backwardness relative based on neighbors' progress. Bad b/c of military pressure. Not just pressure to develop, but pressure to stay alive. Good b/c don't have to reinvent technology (borrow ideas & dev. quickly)

People in nonindustrial countries see the benefits of countries who have industrialized (cars, TV, good working conditions) and want them too. But unwilling to wait 250 years for them. England didn't have that problem b/c no one had expectations.

1. individualism: rights of individuals and their right to not have them taken away. 2. egalitarianism: all equal 3. competition: world as market place (can pick and choose gov too)

East Asian "Tigers": Taiwan, SK + Singapore. Underwent rapid industrialization btwn. 1960-85. Became 1st world countries in 30 years. Goes against Dependency Theory. Goes with State-centered industrialization (Chalmers Johnson, Robert Wade). got in global econ.

Created by Chinese Nationalists (anti-communist). Led by Chiang Kai-Shek. Supported by U.S. achieved state led industrialization.

achieve state-led industrialization. promote automobile industry (steer private sector into heavy industry), South Korean leader

1. Autonomous: cohesive, insulated + free of influence in public 2. interventionist: control banking, regulate trade + foreign investment (tariffs). not just law and defense. 3. biz-friendly: state make biz friendly envt, sponsor research + stop unions.

State Autonomy: 1st condition under developmental state. cohesive -> bureaucrats have common goal. insulated from public influence. highly professionalized bureaucrats. State Capacity: ability of state to enforce law. can collect taxes and build army -> maintain effective institutions. SC high in NICs and low in Latin America.

ISI: protectionist strategy. tariffs used to protect domestic industry. state owned subsidized industries. EOI: Exports = main engine for econ growth. Focus on heavy industry and automobile (cars and computers). Confound dependency theory. Taiwan and Korea followed in mid 60s.

Market decide who produces what + who sells to whom + for how much. gov no interfere. Comp adv: if poor, don't produce too much adv. tech. should export using cheap labor advantage (textile, cheap toys). NIC follow neoclassical by focus on export. comparative advantage (Free Market Model)

Augusto Pinochet: military dictatorship. repress unions. strike #'s fell. filled top positions in state with skilled bureaucrats. Chicago Boys: free market. cohesive and ideologically committed grp. liberalized econ. cut wages + spending by 50%. privatize industry and bank. open to global econ, no more protection. de-industrialized. agriculture sector boomed. Chile is thriving now.

worked because they had to. tied to land by tradition, by law and force. have to deprive peasants of political rights. develop coercive apparatus -> need a strong state. when peasants rebel, elites need to be able to call in army/police.

Wave of democratization occurring after 1990 with the fall of the USSR and the Eastern Bloc. The new democracies had no characteristics of a traditional democratization as different factors lead to it.

Lipset. hare a lot of diff traits with other groups. no single group overpowers you. Part of modernization theorists argument – industrialization creates environment for democracy (industrialization creates more groups for ppl to be a part of).

least mobile: land. middleish: industry (a factory can be moved from U.S. to Mexico). Most mobile: stocks and bonds. Boix: More likely tolerate dem if capital is mobile b/c if people try to dem, then capitalists can move their money abroad.

Negotiating rules of the political “game” to give all players the incentive to keep playing even if they’re losing (a piece of power, assurance that their some interests will be fulfilled). Di Palma saw this as essential in the game of democracy.

Nehru: Important initial leader that would shape the future of India’s democracy like George Washington did with US democracy. Had allowed a mass base for democratization and let other state institutions flourish, like the judiciary and elector watch and actually stepped down after two terms setting a precedent. Indian Congress Party: A party by the elites first which opened up to the masses with the help of Mahatma Gandhi. Was the ruling party throughout the 50s and 60s however didn’t hold absolute power federally and lost elections in the 70s. An essential institution in making the democratic change work in India.

Tried to get more power but institutions were strong enough to let that not happen. She tried a state of emergency order to crackdown on civil liberties and it seemed like an abrupt halt however the Congress party kicked her out and the CP itself lost national elections.

Charismatic leader that stayed in prison for 26 years. Like other initial leaders defined the future of democracy by underutilizing his power, protecting the Whites and stepping down after one term only.

May seem democratic however the current regime/government makes the political playing field so uneven making the opposition impossible to win an election. Control over media, prosecute opposition for weird reasons, threaten business with taxes and issue a massive finance program sponsored by the state.

Islamic law.

Rapid, fundamental, and often violent transformation of a country’s state structure, class structure, and dominant ideology accompanied and even caused by mass retaliation from below.

Gurr and Davies said that absolute misery isn’t necessary for a revolution, but instead their expectations must be crushed. Relative Deprivation theory says that standards of living has been rising for a certain amount of time until a setback occurs setting their standards back making a huge gap between actual situation and expectations.

A small group of commited revolutionaries establish a focal point or foco in the mountains or countryside. From there they try to focus to raise peasant consciousness about their own expectations. If raised then revolutions can happen. However failed so bad it couldnt have failed worse, as all attempted foco revolutions were pretty unsuccessful in Africa and Latin America.

A form of collective farming in Imperial Russia, which was formed for practical purposes. It acted as a village government in practice and divided the land among the villagers, who chose which land they wanted to work on. Survived for a long period of time, even the Russian Revolution of 1917.

B (Lenin & Trotsky) & M (Alexander Kerensky). M said Russia = not ready for rev b/c it needs a bourgeoisie rev 1st. B wanted rev now. Feb 1917 rev brought M in power, but after state collapse, B got in power b/c it was well-organized.

Stalin: Successor of the Communist party leadership after Lenin died. Was General secretary and Lenin had warned other leaders that Stalin in such a power would eventually misuse it. However Stalin gained power over Trotsky, the Left with Bukharin and the Right and made the USSR a totalitarian state. Believed in Socialism in one country.

Town councils composed of workers, soldiers and sailors first organized in 1905. Gained increasing power in the Revolutions of 1917. Real power didn’t lie with the provisional government but more with the Soviets. First dominated by SRs and Mensheviks, however it gradually evolved into an instrument of Bolshevik power as they dominated the Soviets and demanded that all power be given to the Soviets. In the Soviet Union however the soviets became local government bodies.

Regimes that have a high tendency to foster a revolution as the state is the leader, all state resources go into the leader’s bank account, has an extraordinary amount of corruption, hard to reform and essentially is backed by a superpower. Leader is very brutal and doesn’t need any societal groups for support generating multi-class opposition systems that just want to see the leader fall.

A strong spiritual leader who was exiled in 1963 but allowed to return in 1979 sparking huge followings of him and his ideas of an Islamic state influenced hundreds to come. After the Revolution he seized power over all the other groups and established various Islamic-friendly institutions. He himself was the spiritual leader and most powerful person in Iran

An individual during a time of problems will probably think that the cost of organizing a collective revolution is high and that his own interests and activities might be in danger if he participates. People always assume there are tons of other people rebelling so they don’t need to be there but that’s what all the other people are thinking too.

P (Geertz) = ethnicity is historically fixed so EC always lurk beneath the surface. C (Nagel) = ethnicity = socially constructed and can change over generations.

A group of people that share a subjective belief and common ancestry. Additionally they have similar physical characteristics and think they are united by kinship and blood ties. (race, religion, language, region)

Leaders who make deliberate ethnic remarks for political gain. Used by people who want power or who are in power but seen as weak to topple.

According to Emerson, a belief that supersedes all other groups, classes and beliefs when the chips are down and unites all people between a common ideology of one nation. Some states have multiple nations; some nations have only one state. Nationalism is when you attach a specific ancestry to a particular territory.

Two ethnic groups in Rwanda with the Hutu being the majority, however Tutsis were economically better off and were preferred by the colonists until the Belgians switched sides in the Hutu Revolution in 1959. No apparent physical differences except that Tutsis were a lil taller, and the Tutsis a lil stockier.

Croatian Nazis. Author? Relates to Ethnic Conflict, Yugoslavia: massacred Serbs during Nazi regime, served as an excuse for Serbs to massacre Croats, Milosevic played off their existence to heighten fear.

First President of Yugoslavia. Author? Relates to Ethnic Conflict, Yugoslavia: brought Yugoslavia together, fought conservatives in his government. Upon his death, conservatives led by Milosevic caused ethnic conflict.

President of Serbia & Yugoslavia during Yugoslav wars. Author? Relates to Ethnic Conflict, Yugoslavia: a definite ethnic entrepreneur who strongly promoted Serb nationalism and created ethnic conflict with Croates and Bosnians to remain in power.

First President of Croatia. Author? Relates to Ethnic Conflict, Yugoslavia: promoted nationalism, Serbs in Croatian area became more afraid of violence.

formally a part of Albania. continued place of contention for Milosevic, restarted ethnic cleansing there when fighting died down.

Organized citizen activity outside the state (unions, business associations, chambers of commerce, IG, NGOs) solving problems for themselves. Important for social development, reducing ethnic conflict, & fostering democratic values.

Putnam found in Italy, good gov had civic comm (everyone helps each other, local initiative) and bad gov had amoral familism (everyone look out for only themselves + has collective action problems). Putnam says CC is needed to have good state + dem.

features of social organizations such as trust, norms of reciprocity, ... (???) Putnam? Ex? Relates to Civil Society, a measure of how strong the society is.

Liberalism fosters pluralism (bottom up)=there will always be diff grps with competing viewpoints (that's healthy). Corporatism: groups are organized from above by state or church + people should follow state's collective interest.

An institutions that is not formally codified. Author?. Ex: ?? Relates to Institutions, shows how they are not necessarily state inventions.

a system in which a president is directly elected and a PM is elected by the Legis, and both have some exec. authority. Author? Ex: France, Portugal, Belgium. Relates to Institutions, can have strengths and weaknesses of both systems.

situation in which the Prez. is from a different party than the PM. Author. Ex: France. Relates to Institutions, one potential weakness of semi-presidentialism, could lead to deadlock.

vote by Legis. to remove a PM. Author?. Ex: Berlusconi. Relates to Institutions, power of officials to remove an executive more fluently than in a Prez. system.

Largest # of votes vs. # of Reps/% of Votes. Lijphart?. Ex: US vs. Israel. Relates to Institutions, plurality moderates candidates while PR allows radicals to have seats in Legis.

1 = plurality systems

Permanent vs. transient. Author?. Ex: US vs. Latin America. Relates to Institutions, former are moderate and/or widely supported, later are unstable, volatile for democracy.

There is an inverse relationship between the degree of plurality elections and the number of parties. Author? Ex: US, any. Relates to Institutions, demonstrates effect of plurality vs. PR on # of parties.

Prez.'s w/ 3 or more parties in the Legis. Author? Ex: Germany, Brazil. Relates to Institutions, these systems share power more but aren't as stable.

Prez. & Legis. voted for in same election. Author?. Ex: US. Relates to Institutions. Produces coattail effect, people vote for Prez.'s party or big party they think can overthrow, small parties not voted for.

Parly, grand coalitions, PR, mutual veto, segment autonomy. Lijphart. Ex: Netherlands, Lebanon. Relates to Institutions, Ethnic Conflict. Designed to share power and maintain stability in ethnically diverse countries. Against Prez. and plurality.

A state unable to accomplish even a small set of tasks, has zero state capacity. See Bates. Occurred in Zaire and Liberia, when militias ruled. Relates to state, demonstrates zero capacity.

Authoritarian President of Zaire/DRC from 1965 to 1997. Author? Relates to the State, weakened when US pulled aid, militias tried to get at Mobutu, eventually did.

Led the National Patriotic Front of Liberia during First Liberian Civil War, 22nd President of Liberia. See Reno?. Relates to the State, as it was weak in Liberia which lead to the rise of militias and Taylorland.

Iraq: Sunnis toppled, Shias in majority. Author? Lebanon: Shia rapidly expand, radical militias fight Christians. Horowitz. Both relate to Institutions, Consociationalism, influence on ethnic conflict. Iraq, Sunni's fought Shia. Lebanon, same side.

the removal of Ba'ath party members following the US occupation of Iran. Argued for by Dawisha & Dawisha. Relates to Iran Case Study. Did not help, as it removed well-trained officials that could have helped.

applies to all regardless vs. must demonstrate need. Related to Alesina/Glaeser. Ex: Social Security applies to all, but must demonstrate need for Medicaid. Relates to Welfare State, EU has more universal, US has more means-tested

political actors that can block a legislative movement. Related to Alesina/Glaeser. Ex: Lobbyists. Relates to Welfare State, divided power in US (opposite concentrated in EU) makes many veto players, able to oppose welfare state.