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- Michigan
- University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
- Sociology
- Sociology 100
- Sfeir-younis
- Groups and Organizations I
Groups and Organizations I
Sociology 100 with Sfeir-younis at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
About this deck
By: Nicholas Migliore
Created: 2010-10-20
Size: 43 flashcards
Views: 7
Created: 2010-10-20
Size: 43 flashcards
Views: 7
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Group
Collection of individuals who:
-interact with each other
-share goals and norms
-have subjective awareness of themselves as a group
-face a common challenge or threat
-interact with each other
-share goals and norms
-have subjective awareness of themselves as a group
-face a common challenge or threat
Social Influence
When one person's behavior causes another person to change an opinion or to perform an action that he or she would not otherwise perform
Asch's Conformity Experiment
-Showed power of groups in generating conformity
-1/3 of all subjects conformed to the others by answering incorrectly
-1/3 of all subjects conformed to the others by answering incorrectly
Milgram's Obedience to Authority: Obedience
situations where, without the use of threat, promise, or persuasion, one person issues an order and another person complies
Milgram's Obedience to Authority: Authority
The capacity of one member to issue orders to others- that is, to direct or regulate the behavior of other members by invoking rights that are vested in his or her role.
Milgram's Obedience to Authority: Legitimate Authority
When the target recognized the source's authority as legitimate
Factors affecting Obedience to Authority
- display of authority symbols like uniforms, insignias, credentials
- experimenters capacity to punish
- degree of surveillance by the experimenter over the participant
- proximity of the experiments to participant
- participants physical proximity to the victim
- participants position in a larger chain of command
- experimenters capacity to punish
- degree of surveillance by the experimenter over the participant
- proximity of the experiments to participant
- participants physical proximity to the victim
- participants position in a larger chain of command
Janis" Groupthink
The tendency of group members to make unanimous decisions which results in a narrow view of some issue, in major errors in disastrous consequences
- illusion of invulnerability
- false impression of others
- discouragement of dissenting opinions
- illusion of unanimity
- lack of diversity
- illusion of invulnerability
- false impression of others
- discouragement of dissenting opinions
- illusion of unanimity
- lack of diversity
Stoner's Risky Shift (Polarization Shift): Risky Shift
Tendency for groups to wiegh risks differently than individuals alone, usually favoring greater risks, and often leading to calamities
Stoner's Risky Shift (Polarization Shift): De-individualization
The sense that one's self has merged with a group and that responsibility belongs to the group
Stoner's Risky Shift (Polarization Shift): Findings
The greater the group the greater de- individualization
Bystander Apathy: Public Places and anonymity
people often hide behind their anonymity in public settingsl iek crowds, public events, and in streets in larger cities even in cases of need like a call for help
Bystander Apathy Effect
Sociologists have observed that during a call for help, if other people are present and unresponsive, the chances are that no-one will help
Social Interaction
How human beings relate to, communicate to, and engage in actions with each other, and in doing so, they form social bonds
Symbolic Interaction
Social interaction theories are often grouped as symbolic interaction,. a third sociological perspective
Social Construction of Reality
Our perception of what is real is determined by the subjective meaning that we attribute to an experience.
We see what we want or are taught to see
Emphasizes a dimension of the interactive process to be Cultural meaning
We see what we want or are taught to see
Emphasizes a dimension of the interactive process to be Cultural meaning
Key Element of Social Construction of Reality- Objective Reality
there is no objective reality. Thigns do not have an intrinsic meaning. we impose meaning on an experience
Key Element of Social Construction of Reality- Meaning
the value that people give to their perceptions and experiences
Key Element of Social Construction of Reality- Shared Social Reality
society is held together and its members interact with eac other because they share meaning, a social reality (culture)
Thomas Theorem
Situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Even though reality is socially constructed; its consequences are real
Social Construction of Race
Race do not exist in reality. They do not find any basis in nature. They are created by powerful groups so as to mark some groups for exploitation and discrimination
Social Construction of Gender
There is no code in nature that divides personal attributes, virtues, or qualities of character along gender lines. Society does so in order to benefit a male dominated society
False consciousness
People perceived reality as an illusion becuase they are either unable to perceive reality as such or they have been forced or duped into thinking that reality is the result of mutual agreement.
Constructed Reality and Power
socially constructed reality is the reality of powerful groups in society. Such a reality is built so as to benefit their own interests at the expense of disadvantaged groups in society.
Ethno-methodology: Breaking Rules
disrupting social norms and observing how individuals attempt to restore normalcy
Ethno-methodology: Social Norms
our intereactions are guided by rules that we follow. These rules are the norms of social interactions
Ethno-methodology: Taken for Granted
We are not wholly conscious of what norms we use even though they are shared
Ethno-methodology: Consensus
Human interaction tkaes place within a consensus and interaction is not possible without this consensus
Decent and Street Culture
the neighboorhood is organized along these two lines of behavior, decent referring to the hosue rules and street to codes of the street
Codes of the Street
a set of interpersonal rules governing interpersonal behavior in the street, in public places, particularly in violent settings. Interaction on the streets are defined by many "codes" of behavior or rules that guide such interactions. If these rules are violated, a person pays a penalty
The Street
the streets are dangerous public places, outside the reach of the law, inhabited by poor disenfranchised people, who have to protect themselbves and their loved ones using ones own means
Respect
Informal codes or behavior that enforce respect among gang members. People to be treated right with the deference one deserves. Respect is often won after much negotiation or violence.
Impression Management: Managed Perceptions
The process by which people control how others will perceive them
Impression Management: Con Game
everytday interactions are a series of attempts to con the other
Impression Management: Dramaturgy
Participants are actors on a stage in the drama of everyday social life: people present different faces ( give off different impressions) on different stages with different others
Virtual Encoders
How people construct and negotiate virtual identities and relationships on the internet, particularly dating services
Negotiating Relationships
freer of social control, intimate, and ruled by internet codes of behavior.
Cyber-selves
It is a disembodied presentation of self disengaged from gender, class, ethnicity, and other social determinants
Social Exchange Model
our interactions are determined by the rewards or punishments that we receive from others
Social Exchange: Reward
is in effect an approval for conformity, such as gifts, recognition and money, or subtle everyday rewards such as smiles, nods, and pats on the back
Social Exchange: Punishment
is a sanction against deviance, like public humiliation, beating, banishment, or execution, to gestures as subtle as a raised eyebrow or a frown.
Social Profits
if the reward for an interaction exceeds the punishment, a potential for social profit exists and the interaction is likely to occur
P= Rewards- Punishments
P= Rewards- Punishments
About this deck
By: Nicholas Migliore
Created: 2010-10-20
Size: 43 flashcards
Views: 7
Created: 2010-10-20
Size: 43 flashcards
Views: 7
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
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