HEAD (HYGA)
Physician Assistant 1234 with Carroll at East Carolina University
About this deck
By: Ali Hoffman
Created: 2010-11-22
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 17
Created: 2010-11-22
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 17
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What 8 bones comprise the neurocranium?
flat bones of the skull and the base of skull
1) frontal, 2) occipital, 3) ethmoid, 4) sphenoid, 5) paired parietal bones, 6) paired temporal bones
1) frontal, 2) occipital, 3) ethmoid, 4) sphenoid, 5) paired parietal bones, 6) paired temporal bones
What 14 bones comprise the viscerocranium?
consists of the bones of the face that develop from the pharyngeal arches in embryologic development: 1) mandible, 2) vomer, 3) paired lacrimal bones, 4) paired nasal bones, 5) paired palatine bones, 6) paired inferior turbinate bones, 7) paired maxillary bones, 8) paired zygomatic bones
Name the 5 dense connective tissue joints that separate the flat bones during infancy or fetal life?
frontal suture, sagittal suture, lambdoid suture, coronal squamous suture
Molding
Sutures allow the flat bones of the skull to deform during childbirth
Obstetric Hinge
junction of the sqaumous and lateral parts of the occipital bone; if considerable tension is exerted here during childbirth the great cerebral vein of Galen is ruptured during childbirth
Name the 6 large fibrous areas where several sutures meet
anterior fontanelle, posterior fontanelle, two sphenoid fontanelles, two mastoid fontanelles
Where can you obtain a blood sample from an infant?
The anterior fontanelle--this pulsates because of the cerebral arteries in an infant--overlies the superior sagittal sinus
When do the anterior and mastoid fontanelles close?
At 2 years, when the main growth of the brain ceases.
When do the posterior and sphenoid fontanelles close?
At about 6 months of age.
Name the three structures which contain the foramina of the skull on the floor of the cranial cavity
Anterior cranial fossa, Middle cranial fossa, and Posterior cranial fossa
These contain the foramina and fissures through which blood vessels and cranial nerves are transmitted
These contain the foramina and fissures through which blood vessels and cranial nerves are transmitted
What divide the interior of the skull into compartments?
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
Both are clinically important when increased intercranial pressure in one compartment causes the brain to herniate.
Tentorium cerebelli
Both are clinically important when increased intercranial pressure in one compartment causes the brain to herniate.
Name the foramina within the anterior cranial fossa
Cribiform plate
Foramen cecum
Anterior and Posterior ethmoidal foramina
Foramen cecum
Anterior and Posterior ethmoidal foramina
Name the formina within middle cranial fossa
optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, foramen lacerum, carotid canal, hiatus of the facial canal
Name the foramina w/in the posterior cranial fossa
internal acoustic meatusm jugular foramen, hypoglossal canal, foramen magnum, condyloid foramen, mastoid foramen
What structure is transmitted through the cribiform plate?
CN I
What will result from fracture of the cribiform plate and dural tear?
discharge of CSF from the nose (rhinorrhea)
What structure is transmitted through the foramen cecum?
emissary vein
What is transmitted through the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina?
anterior & posterior ethmoidal nerves & arteries
What is transmitted through the optic canal?
CN II, opthalmic artery, central artery, vein of retina
What is transmitted through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, CN IV, CN V1, CN VI, opthalmic veins
What is transmitted through foramen rotundum?
CN V2
What is transmitted through foramen ovale?
CN V3, lesser petrosal nerve, accessory meningeal artery
What is transmitted through foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery
What is transmitted through the carotid canal?
Internal carotid artery & sympathetic carotid plexus
What is transmitted through the Hiatus of Facial Canal?
Greater petrosal nerve
What is transmitted through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII, CN VIII, labyrinthine artery
Discharge of CSF from the external auditory meatus could indicate what?
Fracture of the mastoid process and dural tear
What is transmitted through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, CN X, CN XI, sigmoid sinus
What effects might a mass in the jugular foramen have?
difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). speaking (dysarthria), uvula paralysis, and inability to shrug shoulders
What is transmitted through the hypoglossal canal
CN XII
What is transmitted through the foramen magnum?
medulla of the brainstem, CN XI, vertebral arteries
What structure is transmitted through the condyloid foramen?
emissary vein
What structure is transmitted through the mastoid foramen?
branch of occipatal artery to the dura, emissary vein
This portion of the temporal bone is absent at birth
Mastoid Process
(as a result, CN VII is relatively unprotected as it emerges from the stylomastoid foramen until 2 years of age)
(as a result, CN VII is relatively unprotected as it emerges from the stylomastoid foramen until 2 years of age)
The spheno-occipatal joint is a site of growth until
20 years of age
Fracture of the pterion may result in
rupture of the anterior branches of the middle meningeal artery and may result in life-threatening epidural hemorrhage
Crouzon Syndrome
one of 8 FGFR-related craniosyntosis syndromes; autosomal dominant disorder;
missense mutation affects fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (which normally inhibits bone growth)
premature craniosyntosis, midface hypoplasia, ocular proptosis
missense mutation affects fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (which normally inhibits bone growth)
premature craniosyntosis, midface hypoplasia, ocular proptosis
Foramen magnum herniation (Arnold Chiari malformation)
congenital malformation; occurs when the cerebellar vermis, cerebellar tonsils, & medulla herniate through the foramen magnum, w/ cerebral aqueductal stenosis and breaking of the tectal plate; stretches CN IX, CN X, & CN XII; compresses medulla
What are the symptoms of foramen magnum herniation?
spastic dysphonia, difficulty swallowing, laryngeal stridor, diminished gag reflex, apnea, vocal cord paralysis, hydocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis
What are the five layers of the scalp?
Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis (Galea Aponeurotica), Loose Connective Tissue, Pericranium
The aponeurosis serves as an attachment for which three muscles?
-occipitofrontalis muscle
-temporoparietalis muscle
-superior auricular muscle
-temporoparietalis muscle
-superior auricular muscle
Describe the loose connective tissue layer of the scalp
allows free movement of the scalp over the cranium; contains the emissary veins through which infection can easily spread to the intracranial sinuses; sponge-like layer w/ potential spaces that can potentially distend w/ fluid
Dura mater of the cranium
2-layered membrane consisting of external periosteal layer & internal meningeal layer, which is continuous w/ the dura of the vertebral canal & forms the dural infoldings/reflections that divide the cranial cavity
Falx cerebri
Dural infolding that extends between the cerebral hemispheres; contains the inferior sagittal sinus and superior sagittal sinus
Falx cerebelli
Dural infolding extending between the cerebellar hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli
dural infolding; supports the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and covers the cerebellum; encloses the transverse & petrosal sinus
Diaphragma selllae
Dural infolding; forms the roof of the sella turcica covering the hypophysis
What is the arterial supply of the dura mater?
middle meningeal artery (branch of the maxillary artery)
it branches into anterior and posterior branches
it branches into anterior and posterior branches
What is the venous drainage of the dura mater?
middle meningeal veins-->drain into pterygoid plexus
What is the innervation of the dura mater?
Meningeal branches from CN V1, CN V2, CN V3 supply most...
Meningeal dura of the posterior cranial fossa is innervated by the C1, C2, and C3 spinal nerves and by CN X.
Meningeal dura of the posterior cranial fossa is innervated by the C1, C2, and C3 spinal nerves and by CN X.
Describe the arachnoid layer of the brain
-connected to the pia mater by the arachnoid trabeculae
-seperated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space (CSF-filled; enlargements are subarachnoid cisterns)
-projects arachnoid villi into the cranial venous sinues
-seperated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space (CSF-filled; enlargements are subarachnoid cisterns)
-projects arachnoid villi into the cranial venous sinues
Where does CSF diffuse into venous blood?
arachnoid villi form collections called arachnoid granulations that project into the cranial venous sinuses; serve as sites where CSF diffuses into the venous blood
Describe the pia mater
-shiny, delicate, closely applied to brain
-cerebral arteries penetrate as they enter the brain, reflecting it onto the surface of the cerebral artery as the tunica adventitia
-cerebral arteries penetrate as they enter the brain, reflecting it onto the surface of the cerebral artery as the tunica adventitia
Headaches are associated with...
Dura mater is sensitive to pain; if irritated or stretched, a headache results were pain is referred to regions supplied by CN V
Bacteral Meningitis
-inflammation of the pia arachnoid area of brain &/or spinal cord
-Group B strep, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, S. pneumo, N. meningitidis
-pain, fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign
-decreased glucose, increased protein, numerous neutrophils
-Group B strep, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, S. pneumo, N. meningitidis
-pain, fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign
-decreased glucose, increased protein, numerous neutrophils
Viral Meningtitis
-caused by mumps, echovirus, Coxackie virus, EBV, HSV-2
-CSF shows numerous lymphocytes, normal glucose levels, increased protein levels
-Fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign
-CSF shows numerous lymphocytes, normal glucose levels, increased protein levels
-Fever, headache, nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign
What are the 4 primary muscles of mastication?
temporal, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
Name muscles of the soft palate
tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, musculus uvulae
Name muscles of the tongue
genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
What are the most important branches of the external carotid artery?
-superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery, maxillary artery, superficial temporal artery
Where does the maxillary enter the neck?
infratemporal fossa (by passing posterior to the neck of the mandible)
What does the maxillary artery split into?
1) middle meningeal artery
2) inferior alveolar artery
2) inferior alveolar artery
What artery forms the anterior circulation of the circle of Willis?
the internal carotid artery
Describe the opthalmic artery
a branch of the internal carotid artery; enters the orbit w/ optic nerve (CN II) & branches into the central artery of the retina
occlusion can result in monocular blindness
occlusion can result in monocular blindness
Describe the anterior cerebral artery
a branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies the motor cortex & sensory cortex for the leg
occlusion results in contralateral paralysis and contralateral anesthesia of the leg
occlusion results in contralateral paralysis and contralateral anesthesia of the leg
Describe the middle cerebral artery
a branch of the internal carotid artery; occlusion of the main stem results in contralateral hemiplegia and contralateral hemianesthesia, homonymous hemianopia, and aphasia if the dominant hemisphere is involved
Describe the lenticulostriate arteries (deep branches) or lateral striate
-branches of the middle cerebral artery; supply the basal ganglia & internal capsule
occlusion results in "paralytic stroke" w. contralateral hemiplegia & poss. contralateral hemianesthesia
occlusion results in "paralytic stroke" w. contralateral hemiplegia & poss. contralateral hemianesthesia
What does destruction of descending motor fibers of posterior limb of internal capsule cause?
contralateral hemiplegia
What does destruction of ascending sensory thalamocortical fibers in the internal capsule cause?
contralateral hemianesthesia
What most commonly causes strokes?
Occlusion of cerebral vessels by thrombosis or embolism (not hemorrhage)
What cerebral arteries are prone to hemorrhagic infarction? Why?
lenticulostriate arteries
due to hypertension or atheroschlerotic occlusion since these arteries branch at right angles
due to hypertension or atheroschlerotic occlusion since these arteries branch at right angles
Describe the outer cortical branches
-branches of the middle cerebral artery
-supply motor and sensory cortex for the face & arm
-occlusion results in contralateral paralysis & contralateral anesthesia of the face & arm
-supply motor and sensory cortex for the face & arm
-occlusion results in contralateral paralysis & contralateral anesthesia of the face & arm
Describe anterior communicating artery
-connects the 2 anterior cerebral arteries
-most common site of an aneurysm; if ruptured would result in a subarachnoid hemorrhage & bitemporal lower quadrantanopia (due to proximity to optic chiasm)
-most common site of an aneurysm; if ruptured would result in a subarachnoid hemorrhage & bitemporal lower quadrantanopia (due to proximity to optic chiasm)
Describe posterior communicating artery
-connects the anterior circulation of the circle of Willis
-second most common site of an aneurysm; if ruptured, would result in subarachnoid hemorrhage & possibly oculomotor nerve (CN III) paralysis
-second most common site of an aneurysm; if ruptured, would result in subarachnoid hemorrhage & possibly oculomotor nerve (CN III) paralysis
What are the symptoms of oculomotor nerve paralysis?
droopy upper eyelid, eye looks down & out, diplopia, ficed & dilated pupil, lack of accomodation
About this deck
By: Ali Hoffman
Created: 2010-11-22
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 17
Created: 2010-11-22
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 17
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“I have been getting MUCH better grades on all my tests for school. Flash cards, notes, and quizzes are great on here. Thanks!”
Kathy
Kathy