history exam 2 notes.doc

Greece 10/27/09 City States (athens and Sparta= 2 largest) Athens( largest( 400,000ppl( 1,060 sq. miles( urban(no standing army, more intellectual Thrived on trade (1/3rd size)( concentrated on the abstract, art( on medeteranian( mixed ethincs Sophecles, aristotle Sparta( largest ( 400,000ppl( 3,000 sq. miles( rural(warrior society (dicipline, physical fitness) Little trade with outside world?(wanted to remain isolated)( ?wanted pure marriage? Thebes Magara Miletus(birth place of philosophy Arcadia Samos Corinth Mitylene All had different kings, all very different( different kings in each city- state Sometimes they went to war with each other, sometimes competitors or opponents All greek city states were very different from each other Kept Greece from being great They had the brains, heritage and civilization to be great But no society divided against itself can be great Didn?t see selves as Greeks( saw their selves as residents of their city-states ex. ?Athenian? Phillip of Macedon Tribal chieftain Macedon (in north Greece) He was Greek, but Greeks didn?t like to admit it Ashamed of him cuz the Greeks had reached a very high level of civilization (evolved sense of art etc) Barbarian(couldn?t read/write/ lived in tent/ wore animals (instead of togas) won cuz they weren?t united-( used simple technique (made longer spears) may have been assassinated Aristotle( greatest living philosopher in Greece( taught Phillips son Student of Plato when 17 For 20 years (till 37) Beliefs: ?Golden Mean?( everything in this word should be experienced in moderation excess bad( too less and too much= bad (excess ruined life) humble pious guy who meditated= too much excess glutton, orgy rejecting gluttony and self denial no afterlife( had to do great things in that life he disagreed with Plato and Socrates thus king wanted his son to help him make mark upon the world moderation in all things Plato student of Socrates Plato( we should reject impulses and temptations of physical body to improve mind Higher plane of ideas, reject pull of physical world, material world, Aristotle disagreed-- Alexander the Great Learned under Aristotle for 7 years( thus he had to make his mark upon the world so he could be remembered Dad was Phillip Had epilepsy( ppl didn?t know what this was at the time( called ?the divine sickness? People thought it only afflicted the gifted/ smart cuz gods had need of them When Alex had a seizure Greeks thought he was absent from the body cuz he was with Zeus to solve a problem( Aristotle wouldn?t have believed this because he didn?t believe in gods Aristotle believed that there was some creator god( called him prime mover or original source Had family put to death immediately( so he wouldn?t get assassinated & have no opposition of his throne put together an army of 40,000 soldiers (huge at the time) marched army from Greece into Asia & Persian empire( cuz all wealth in east Persians controlled middle east part of Africa in 3 years controlled all of Persian empire?conquered them in 3 battles (won them all) won cuz he used: cavalry (horseman) and planned battles one of the first to understand (tactics and strategy) After conquer Persia he has Asia minor, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Mesopotamia etc shares wealth of Persia with his whole army( each man can have all they can carry( the rest of it is his*revolutionary* created loyalty (this also lead to his destruction) Wanted to keep going east( to Bactria( (Afghanistan)( always has been poor men started to murmur against Alex( he had made them rich but soon they will die By making his men rich( they had something to live for 11/10 Alexander could only concur parts of India( most of it he didn?t India had war elephants 326 BC( leave India( head back toward Greece 323 BC( he is in Babylon on his way back home (it was a destroyed city by than) he decided to conquer the Arabian dessert Cuz hes thinking in terms of having land (not money cuz he has it) At 33 years dies here Speculation of death ( epilepsy, poison, Scribes said ?birds died? ?even the heavens fell from the sky?( maybe west Nile virus most likely cause Alexander named 25 cities after himself( big ego ? highest complement of every city to be named after him? Alexandria in Egypt named after him We don?t know what his last words were Alexander was transported by 64 mules across dessert from Babylon to Alexandria Egypt( body buried in dessert Tomb found and body General Ptolemy( said it would be a waste to fight over it Said they should divide the empire among them peacefully His idea= gets best part= Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon Best part cuz Egypt is legendary Proclaims himself ?Pharaoh?( Greek word for King Egypt never used this word This word used till Cleopatra Hellenistic Age( ?Greek-Like? Era (it means this)( legacy left behind from this Hellenic=Greek Culture in Greece is Greek, but if your in Syria you would say these guys have a ?greek like culture? A time of Greek cultural dominance throughout the eastern world The legend of Alexander Spread of uniform language, uniform culture, uniting world Paved way/ set stage for roman empire Greek was the dominate tongue( needed for business Along with it came Greek culture; Greek food, Greek religion (temples to Zeus in Persia, temples to Aphrodite in Egypt) Greeks also took philosophy the original writings of Aristotle were lost( earliest versions of Aristotle are in Aramaic( cuz Greek translation was translated into Aramaic( thus thinking of a guy like Aristotle became even important in Arabia Roman Empire west of Greece( Italy & island of Sicily 1000BC( Italic Tribes( come down from central Europe into Italian peninsula (cuz warmer weather etc) Several diverse tribes from common origins ethnically Encountered 2 groups of ppl already living there Etruscans( Northern Italians Italians (Romans) learned from them Vault Place for storage of valuables Used for holding bones originally Arch Allowed stress points to be divided evenly( wont crumble/collapse First ppl to use arches Gladiators National past time of Rome Prophecy to the supernatural Some people had a special spiritual connection to the gods? etc Romans had priestesses who could consult the gods Greeks( living in Sicily and southern Italy Italians learned from them Alphabet Latin is based on the Greek structure/ similar Greek Gods Jupiter Zeus, Venus- Aphrodite, Neptune- Poseidon, Minerva Just given new names and stories Art Human form Greeks thought most beautiful thing in world was human body, naturally poised beautiful( realism Thus Romans borrowed from both Respect for Women( roman adapted this from both cultures Husband and wives ate together etc Use of art to elevate the status of women was important Women were given a higher position in the family( wore jewelry Men could have a ?partner? After Romans learned all they could ( they killed them on the Italian peninsula Romans= were the Italian tribes Naples & toranto( they were Greek cities Sicilians are still a little Greek Italic peninsula settled by italic tribes( one of them was the Romans Romans started city in 752 BC Romulus & Remus Romulus killed Remus and built city on top of brothers death Young orphans who were raised by a she-wolf Romulus became emperor Built city over death spot of Remus They start conquering nearby italic tribes 6th century BC Rome soon dominated the whole Italian peninsula Rome first governed by a king, than a senate, but realized any success they had was based on a good healthy respect for power ( People didn?t want to mess with Rome in ancient world in order to survive( you need to be tough if you weren?t someone would mess with you was able to grow cuz had the time to prospero Carthage?s( large emperor based in south Africa Rome Carthagians( had land in north Africa, Spain, straits of gilbultur, Sicily Romans wanted Carthage cuz wanted them out of Sicily Punic wars( war vs. Carthage 1st Punic war 264-241Bc (23 years) -Romans wanted their Sicily and holdings (cash settlement) to pay for war Second Punic War 218-202 BC (16 years) -Rome wanted to take over Carthage?s silver mines in south a Spain fought Straight of gibultor Had to pay another cash settlement 5x the amount Hannibel( Carthaginian general crossed Alps mountains on elephants and invaded the city of Rome in an elephant attack( thus Carthaginians not weak (Romans won) 3rd Punic war( 149-146 3 years Wiped out Carthadge this gave Rome drained human energy Rome captured of city/ capital of Carthage You can lay down you weapons, leave and carry nothing with you and you go walk away in dessert( meant ppl would dry from dehydration etc or stay and be killed Thus cartharigianans decided to stay ( said they would fight like them and all died, city leveled Cuz it was suicide to walk through dessert Romans were told they needed to destroy the soil with salt( to become dessert thus they had no??? Lots of credibility at the time( Romans show no mercy, got instant respect Message: you don?t mess with Rome Rome gathered prestige, wealth and confidence from this war. And a lot of slaves (took them)( became widespread custom Roman economy depended more and more on slavery From this time on roman conquest began in taking in large numbers of slaves to do work Slave labor based economy 11/13/09 At this time most of the salves were doing the work 6 million slaves in roman empire( 33% slaves by 1 century AD from 3rd punic war forward Cato the elder(234-149BC worried about increase of importation of slave labor he saw the Romans slowly become more leisurely member of roman senate, philosopher ( if you are ruled by the mind you are king, if you are ruled by the body you are a slave? set an example by moving out of his fine home and moved into gardener shed, dismissed slaves, planted his own garden, did all his own labor message of hard work, simplicity( ppl thought he was senile he was trying to teach by example( cuz once older you would have to depend on others he was trying to awaken the youth( wanted them to be tough and self reliance it didn?t work( but it worked for Cato issued a prophecy( unless the Romans don?t change and turns from its reliance on slave labor and become strong and self sufficient again( than mighty Rome will fall to an foreign people who are tough and as strong as ancient Romans once were This became true a long time later by Rome being defeated by barbarians?476 AD (Rome became too civilized) Rome ruled by senate council of elders Composed of the various heads of each family (patriarchs) (represent their family?s interests) had most of the land With an assembly under it these men were rich could rejected any ideas of the assembly (veto power) Usually judges assembly all adult roman military citizens who were old enough to fight they declared war 2 classes of Romans the Patricians 20% upper class, controlled Rome, most money, most power- nobles, most land Didn?t fight sons didn?t fight ( usually an officer paid very little taxes( little tax on property tax was based on wages taxed plebeians most cuz there was more ppl the plebeians (2nd class) 80% some poor, some rich, some farmers, tradesmen, foreigners Most didn?t have servants, most had skilled professions, most natives These were the people who would fight had to pay most taxes Used for building, army, aqueducts, sports arenas Cuz they made up more of the population Eventually became tired of this so they invented the tribune( 494BC a representative of the people an advocate for the average man in front of the senate so he could stand up and express the concerns of the average people of Rome created Law of the 12 Tables?450BC Senate agreed the laws would be published so everyone would know the law called this cuz ppl sat at long tables and wrote laws on them and stood them on their side plebeians could serve as petty magistrates lower level judges broke down a social barrier Tribunes The Gracci: The brothers Graccus Plebeians voted for Tribune Position every year 133 BC: Tiberius Graccus was picked He was a rich Patrician who owned land Why? They liked the way he talked and the things that he promised. He was vary radical and was viewed by people in the Senate as a traitor to his own class. They thought that he was a sell out. Proposed a law that was passed to restrict the holders of land to 300 acres apiece plus 150 acres for each child in their family. Some patricians had owned 3,500 acres. The extra land would be made available to the Plebeians. Distribution would be made by the state until the land was more evenly distributed It did not become law at first until Tiberius said that he would tell the people who voted against the passage of this law. He released to the people the name of Octavius. Octavius was the leader of the fight against this law. Within a week, Octavius was dead. Someone slit his throat. People then reconsidered and passed the bill. The Plebeians came to a rally before the election to hear a speech. Roman guards surrounded the rally in the square in Rome and used the pretense of a riot to invade the square. Killed 300 of Tiberius supporters along with Tiberius himself. Tiberius? brother: Gaius Graccus runs for tribune 9 years later. Elected in 122 BC Proposed reforms at first that even senate could agree with Law passed: Grain storage facility on the banks of Tiber River in Rome to store excess grain for future famine. Law passed: price control. Keeping price of grain from ever going too high or ever going to low = reasonable prices. Did not want grain to go about b/c it would be harsh on poor Did not want under because it would be harsh on the farmer Suggested a law that would extend Roman citizen ship to non-Romans Some were the 5th generation of family to live in Rome, but they did not have citizenship because they were not ethnically Roman. They had different rights at trial Extended to foreign nationalities who were living in peace with the Romans Patricians argue that this was a terrible idea: How could a non-Roman vote in a Roman election? Etc. Law narrowly passed, but fights (physical) broke out in the Senate. Senate eventually turned on Gaius and declared him an enemy of state Wanted dead or alive Fled for his life and is later said that he committed suicide Unlikely, that he committed suicide. It is more likely that he was hunted down Followers began to riot, army called out, over 2,000 followers killed in street fight Senate put Rome under Marshall Law: 107 BC General Marius (Roman) named by the Senate as Consul of Rome Protector of Rome and Advisor of Senate aka Joint Chiefs of staff all rolled into one. Job: Keep Order Ruled from 107 BC ? 86 BC (when he died) Enforced the status quo = contribution Only one slave revolt that occurred on the Island of Sicily. Put down in a few months Sulla: Roman General named Consul of Rome Ruled from 82-79 BC Used his time to decrease power of assembly, increase power of Senate, and make power of Tribune almost nonexistent. Resigned Pompey: Roman general famous as conqueror of Syria and Palestine v. Julius Caesar: Roman general who was promoted from commander. He started out in engineering core. Became known as the conqueror of Gaul. Wrote a book called The Conquest of Gaul. Gaul = part of France and Germany. Named as co-consuls of Rome Eventually, they came to dislike each other. Caesar went to visit his old troops in Gaul and Pompey went before the Senate when he left. Riots that the troop had to put down. Pompey said that Caesar was causing the riots. Said name one or the other as consul Senate named Pompey sole consul of Rome Caesar was branded as enemy of the state. Pompey did not want Caesar killed, only removed from the situation. Caesar could easily get away since he was in Gaul. Caesar decides to go back and defend his name. He comes with Roman legions from Gaul. 52 BC that Caesar is declared enemy of the state. Does not get back home until 49 BC On foot Stops on the way in Egypt Queen Cleopatra Ruled out of Alexander Was not Egyptian, but was Greek Egypt was a client state of Rome. Caesar asked if she would be willing to form a coalition. Rumor that she had Caesar?s son Her people were of great help Pompey had never expected to see Caesar again: points out difference in personalities Pompey fled, escaped to Greece, and killed by Caesar?s supporters Caesar could have massacred the Senate, but he didn?t Taking power in that manner would rob him of any legitimacy. He was popular with the people. Asked Senate to grant him the position of dictator for ten years in order to restore order (46 BC). Senate does not want to, but they realize that they have no choice 44 BC: Caesar asks to be dictator for life. Senate has no choice Plot begins to rid of him Note: Caesar is not a King/Emperor. He has no crown Dictators cannot leave the throne to a family member. Senate is worried that Caesar will become a king. People in streets of Rome made Caesar a crown to wear. Cassius enlisted Brutus into conspiracy 11/17/09 Caesar( proclaimed dictator for life 44BC( Ides of March: March 14-15 surrounded by senators( pulled out knives and stabbed 23 times to death had many assassins so no 1 person could have been said to kill Caesar famous last words?legend?might not be true saw Brutus his friend stab him ?you too Brutus? (according to Shakespeare) fell to ground by friends betrayal( might not be true King is different( family dynasty continues Caesar( there is no dynasty( but he had made a will( Octavian Octavian( Caesars grand nephew Young solider 18, roman legioner He didn?t know he was chosen His fellow soldiers backed him up People of Rome were outraged at death of Caesar Senate didn?t expect there would be a will or the people of Rome would rally or how popular Caesar would be( underestimated Cesar Mark Antony Officer and friend of Caesar He demands justice for Cesar supports mob, gave speeches Triumverate The temporary government formed by Senate Senate realized they needed to find people to blame for Caesars death so formed this 3 part government Represents the Caesar family( Octavian Representing the Roman Legions( Mark Antony Representing Roman Senate( Lepidus First task to find Killer Antony and Octavian didn?t like each other (both wanted to be king) Lepidus wanted Senate to rule Goal bring killers of Caesar to justice Over Zealous( rounded up 100?s of conspirators Thought it would be better to kill 100 innocent men than not kill guilty Cicero Philosopher & Orator (gave speeches) Considered to be the greatest speech maker in all of Rome Killed even though innocent Born with speech impediment( put pebbles in mouth( became great speaker Virtue is sufficient for happiness, tranquility of mind, intellect can rise above pain, active life Arrested for plotting to kill Caesar( he just knew the wrong people Guilty by association( put to death Most famous killed 10% of those killed were guilty Catius and Brutus tried to get away from Rome( killed 2 years after his death After they killed guilty( there was conflict between the triumverate Octavian and Mark Antony plot to kill each other Antony travels to Egypt to Make new alliance with Cleopatra Cleopatra( Greek Puppet queen of Egypt Antony has an affair with Cleopatra (like Caesar) Antony actually likes Cleopatra Cuz he converted to her Religion Starts worshipping snakes Orphic Mystery Cult Elyusian Mystery Cult Both worshiped snakes( drank milk from snakes Snakes( divine( seeds of eternal life found in venom of poisonous snakes Plot together how to get rid of Octavian Battle of Actium( greatest sea battle in ancient history 31BC Cleopatra & Antony vs. Octavian Octavian wins Antony escapes death although fleet sunk( seen coward ness Commanders should die when his forces are killed Makes way back to Alexandria, Egypt where Cleopatra rules Realizes his fate is her fate( she will get killed too cuz she sided with him Cleopatra thinks if they die of snake bite they will rule paradise She holds asp to breast and dies Both commit suicide Octavian goes to Egypt and claims power Lepidus was the weakest member cuz no one likes him cuz he is from the senate Wants to be named king (emperor) Senate didn?t like it but didn?t have an alternative Octavian= Rome?s 1st Emperor Cuz Caesar wasn?t King( didn?t claim it New name= Emperor Caesar Augustus (August= great one) (great Caesar) Julius Caesar had been successful in accomplishing thing 365 day year calendar ( used today (only minor tweaking like leaper created later) gave citizenship to Spain and Gaul who claimed loyalty to Rome (Germans and?) thus they would be loyal to all Caesar?s divided up Roman lands so that retired Roman soldiers were given land as a pension cuz before no land, pension or anything for retired solider( would have to beg for money opened up sales of land in Rome to the poor( could move to Spain, Britain and Gaul wanted to share some land and understood that by sending Romans to other lands they would be loyal to him in far away lands where there had been no loyalty before Caesar doesn?t live to see the effect of the positive effects of these reforms( help people support Octavian since they couldn?t honor Julius Caesar, they would honor Octavian( given since of loyalty to Caesars family all of this is why the senate does what Octavian wants and respects him( they fear him and the people Octavian rules as a absolute monarch Julius Caesar was a genius and so was Octavian Octavian knows how to build on and use his popularity Seems to have inherited his brilliance/genius Problem with genius= corresponding opposite of insanity( many families with genius? have also insane( insane people can also usually be extremely smart Octavian?s (Emperor Augustus) reforms 1st police and fire departments created for Rome before roman legions could do this but not distinctive departments created common set of coins (official unit of currency) image of Cesar Augustus and Julius Cesar( first guys with faces on coins continues moving poor population into outside provinces increases process adds more lands to Roman Empire than any other Roman ruler = greatest accomplishment rules a long time( 31BC-14 AD= 44years( dies of natural causes straddles pre-Christian era and birth of Christ( thus never knew or heard of Jesus straddles old world and new lesser Caesars( awful emperors( insane 11/19/09 Caesar Augustus and Julius Caesar both conquered to the west original in thinking to conquer both directions because saw the west had diverse wealth family line never produced another great mind Lesser Caesars Tiberius Caesar 14-37 AD Caesar Caligula 37-41 AD Claudius Caesar 41-54 AD Caesar Nero 54-68 AD Included here is nephews and grand nephews etc? but they are all blood related Each is worse than the one before Tiberius Caesar Persecuted Christians Taxed a TON( some logical purposes and used for his luxury lifestyle Would binge eat( than throw up so he could eat more( glutton( addicted to sex, orgies A lot got vivirual disease from sex( may have affected their mind Limited understanding( limited patience with philosophy and religion Would condemn and persecute everything he didn?t understand Quick temper Caesar Caligula Liked necrophilia Killed people while having sex Liked to watch body decay Liked watching torture Removal of eyes Hot coals on tongues This was an art, tried to keep person alive as long as possible Had many psychological disorders but these were not known at the time Claudius Caesar Had chief of council as a horse Had gold sandals for horse Horse ate with him Superstitious Caesar Nero Deliberately burned the city of Rome He actually didn?t set fire to city of Rome He was insane He didn?t do much to put it out Extreme depravity Would dip Roman?s in wax and light on fire alive They would light his dinner party Was bored by gladiator fights( these gladiator fights weren?t in the coliseum Put toddlers in gladiator fights( put sheep?s blood on them and release hungry wolves Recreated sea battles Spectators would drown men Blood sport of un equal proportions Strangled to death his mother, his sister, and his wife?and possibly his mistress How could Romans approve of this? Many didn?t not but people have the instinct to survive( didn?t want to risk life Relatives and family would be condemned to destruction or death( committing familial suicide Would make people not rebel Since you are dealing with the ancient world there want understanding of individual rights( there were citizen rights for Romans only Everything was geared toward the member of the society 68AD a hero arose( Roman General( Galba Not really talked about much but you should know Values old solider values of courage, honor etc Sees these virtues mocked by emperors( finds offensive Didn?t believe in personal right but understood personal honor, personal integrity Saw Caesars as a contradiction to Rome Challenges Nero Comes down from north Italy and puts an end to Caesar Galba could be easily be betrayed by one of his soldiers( thus he must have been a great general beloved by his troops Because no one became a traitor of him and told Nero( they would?ve became rich Nero?s loyal people (home guards)( didn?t have a noble cause( deserted him( cuz they prolly feared him Nero committed suicide ( and possibly his mistress)?meant no more opposition His soldiers demanded he take the crown Galba becomes Caesar( Emperor of Rome( puts end to rule of the blood line( end of the blood line Kept word Caesar because it was used for so long Russian word Czar( comes from Caesar Didn?t make his own blood line Ruled only for 1 year and resigned( named another general as his successor He did not want the treasures etc Thus it was taken without with out personal indictment( it was done for the people The overthrow created a dangerous precedent( emperors can be overthrown After this people were always plotting to over throw emperor After this the following emperors ruled for a very short period of time cuz they were constantly killed 6 months or less etc the society was so great (architecture etc) and bad (emperors) at the same world this is become your dealing with an ancient people( different beliefs and values you shouldn?t put contemporary beliefs and ideas to have same understanding of the people from the ancient times Stoicism greatest philosophy of Rome the Rome of the blood line century rulers( 1 AD- 99AD--> no 0 AD ( modern intention of the church) their calendar was based upon the founding of Rome what did Rome look like in 1st Century AD 54,000,000 population in Roman Empire 6,000,000 on the Italian peninsula ( descendents of italic tribes 1,000,000 population of Rome if your trying to get a confession out of a roman citizen( you cant beat him 10% of population 5,500,00 were roman citizens mainly people of italic descent people who were granted citizenship( Gaul & Spain (as a reward hero?s were granted citizenship 6,000,000 slaves in the roman Empire household, ground work, female slaves (had to do sex favors) no punishments if master killed you 1/3 people in Rome were slaves 333,000 Slaves in the city of Rome(any place Rome owned were slaves European languages are all Latin based( # 1 sound similar in all One exception Gaelic( cuz Romans could never conquer Ireland No roman baths there (except fins cuz originally from Asia) 11/24/09- get rest of notes the stoics philosophers most popular type of philosophy of the upper class rome was based on the values of the the army ( different from stoicism) tough it out type philosophy 3 greatest stoics: ( cisero was not one of the greatest (he was considered more of a public speaker) Seneca 4 BC-65 AD Worshipped the cosmos as divine, and is governed by an all-knowing providence, the universe is unfolding as it should All things that happen, happen for the ultimate good of all. Cosmos( everything there is He thought the universe was divine There is an ultimate good purpose to all things even when things appear to be bad Nothing happens unless for the ultimate good for all What appears to be a tragedy is not really so but actually contributes to a greater good There is a good purpose for everything that occurs This is a very positive type of stoicism2 Wealthy advisor to the emperor Nero He was a roman aristocrat/ noble, he had power Used his position( very sarcastic to Nero( said things that would be taken different ways He was eventually put to death by Nero( but he cheated this by killing himself by posion Epictetus the slave 60- 120 AD agreed the cosmos were divine etc? but added things Greek slave, household servant, extremely bright, master came to him and said he was to bright to be his slave and he was wasting his time(given freedom He said he had no pwer to free him cuz all men are slaves He could see his chains, master could not see his chains We are all enslaved to someone or thing Did not give up being a slave( but had lighter household duties all things are set as they are meant to be challenging the order of things may only serve to make things worse accept things as they are or you may make things worse( embrace realities of present moment, accept argued against manmade changed, universe is unfolding as it should Marcus aurelius 161-180 AD -the universe is orderly, but not all things that happen, happen as for ultimate good emperor, more fatalistic than optimistic roman empire reached its largest size with Marcus Auraleious he did not add more lands ( reaches largest empirical size doesn?t believe all things work for good (unlike other 2) 12/1/09 -for the average person, philosophy didn?t matter to them -Mithraism? -Christians were persecuted primarily cuz insisted on the exclusivity what got them in trouble was they claimed their way was the one true way it would cause riots when Christians came into town saying their religion was wrong and theirs was right complicated the Roman?s jobs Christianity starts in Palestine( the region of Judea ( southern Kingdom of Judea) (these are called Jews) remainder of the Hebrew people Jews Had an unusual religion because Monotheist Said that their god is the One God Romans mad about this because they were insulting the Roman occupiers by saying they were wrong( thus occupied Judea more harsh Jews Were waiting for a messiah Cuz they were persecuted by many places Needed man with shield, sword, righteous person, military leader, deliverer Some of them cooperated with the Romans 30 AD crucifixion( Jesus his disciples came to the conclusion he was the promised messiah things changed for the Jewish Religion at this time problem: didn?t look like a warrior( not what the Hebrew scriptures taught to expect every philosopher has followers the majority of Jewish people didn?t expect this there were a number of ?messiahs? that came at this time Christos= Chirst= the anointed one ( from Greek This process of thinking he is the messiah during the time he is alive We know because we know the reactions of the Jews to this day Many Jews found it blasphemy saying that God had a son Cuz a committed act would have been made by the god Son of god implies sperm eggs? etc- Son of god was one of the worst things a Jew could hear The idea of a messiah scares Romans, not idea of a god Romans used to crucify slave that had risen up Sparticus( a slave who had risen up against Rome( gained support and defeated a roman legion Him and 6,000 men were crucified Crucifixion not unique to Jesus( reserved for the worst offenders to make an example Crucifixion= ultimate punishment( used in reserve Jesus mentioned in many accounts Josephus?a scribe of the Jews Captured in 70AD Jewish Historian Asked to write a history of the Jews to try to explain their people In his history he mentions Jesus( says some people thought he was the messiah Good proof cuz he just mentioned him even though he didn?t believe Tacitus Roman historian Mentions a religious sect that worship a crucified carpenter from Palestine and some people think they burned Rome Pliny the younger Historian that takes a note of the worship of the Christians is very confusing Writes a letter to the emperor Requested advice on what to do with Christians who didn?t reverence Casers image when they enter town Christians enter town and sing about Christos There are a few others by governors etc?.. Christian sect( Original followers and those who convert Paul( originally Saul Has a vision for the faith( sees it as universal Preaches to the Greeks ( fed up with attempting to Jews) Interesting cuz takes non Jewish to an historically Jewish idea Easier to believe the idea that a Jesus is the Son of God with a mortal woman as a mom( Greece was prepared culturally understand this idea cuz similar to Hercules( more Greek followers than Jews Christianity starts becoming popular among poor, slaves, lowest classes Why Religion offered salvation to all who believed( no cost, welcoming No cost Salvation in another life If life on earth sucks( there is hope of a better life in the world to come( attractive idea( grew rapidly Even Marcus aurelius who believes some ideas similar( did not like Christians( persecuted the Christians Persecution of christens continues till emperor Diocletian Emperor Diocletian 284-305 AD Last roman emperor to persecute Christians A general Didn?t like how emperors kept getting assassinated after Galba Realized leaving empire to a son is a disaster Got ride of hereditary rule Didn?t think gods wanted emperor to be hereditary Only ruled for 20 years than would step down and pick someone who would rule Set up new transfer of power Empire is to large to be ruled by 1 man Maximian( good friend of Diocletian Diocletian gave him empire in west( Rome Nicomedia in east( Diocletian would rule Diocletian loved the women, culture and food in east Rome( in the west At the time Rome was not sanitary, smells, polluted, not pleasant etc This would help cut up Both agreed they should persecute the Christians For transfer of power they Both chose 2 governors They were watched to see which one was the best The winner gets to be the emperor (still 2 emperors) Modernize tax collection Separate military from life Bureaucratic reforms to make government work better Increase size of Roman government to help it meat its obligations Both ended up ruling same dates for 21 years The 2 governors who do not get picked are pissed off They raised armies to fight what they thought they deserved This created a mess Diocletian kept his word and didn?t rule( grew cabbage Battle lasted for years Commodus( Marcus Auraleius? son( he was nuts Liked to fight with gladiators By 312 one of the emperors dies( the one maxinium chose to rule His son claims his fathers legacy( thus there are 4 His name is Constantine Battle of Milvian Bridge Night before battle he takes a walk ( he has 2 versions though) He looks into the sky and sees 3 fiery crosses hovering in the heavens Heard Latin word In hoc signo vinces?in this sign conquer- Latin Paints cross on their shields of soldiers At time only 1/5 20 % are Christians By end of year proclaimed emperor of west 312-324- became both east and west till 337 Orders end to persecution of Christianity and made official religion of roman empire People from the upper class started to become more interested in Christianity because it was now safe The church at this time was really unorganized at this time, thus Constantine helped organize it since he was the emperor Constantine later converted to Christianity 12/3/09 Mischievous superstition( that Jesus ascended the grave This was a the root of Christianity Religions would have found it embarrassing for a religion to make up their redeemer was crucified Faith is believing things you cant see Constantine( killed his oldest son Choked to death his wife while she was taking a bath cuz he got angry Was given a woman by another king = not good role model Christianity was the fastest growing religion (myrthicism=2nd) Christians had been taught different things/ views about Christianity( thus differed in beliefs/views/practices Council of Nicea 325 AD Constantine was there and Here they argued/ debated about what was the truth In Jewish religion you don?t celebrate a great person?s birthday( cuz you don?t know hes going to be a great leader( thus celebrate their death Shepard in field= only time there in fields are fall and spring cuz baby lambs are born and its in the fall cuz they wouldn?t be outside at night in the fall Mythristist?s birthday= December 25th Worship Changed worship from Saturday to Sunday Sunday( day of solar cult worship of the sun and same day of worship of mythricism Death/resurrection Spring during Passover- Friday- period of death 3 days 3 nights( thus resurrection should be on a Monday( but its celebrated on a Sunday Sunday- shares worship of ester (ishtar) (moon goddess) in spring (festival) This is where you get the word Easter Sacred animals for this festival= rabbits Sacred object= egg (contain new life)( symbol of birth Marching around a poll in Germany= for fertility Bach beer( Billy goat for giving men added virility to help fertility About carrying on the species Large family= name carried on This was all used cuz it showed people they didn?t have to give up their traditions You cant tell the empire that they cant discard everything about who they are and tell them everything they did was wrong or they wont convert Constantine didn?t tinker with the main points or the story( but he created a religion that was for the masses One depate in the church was the trinity God the Father God the Son God the Holy Spirit Jews find this troubling and cant get passed this Athanasius( believed in the trinity Like a clover leaf, 3 in 1 Studies scripture to prove his point Arius( (from the east) there is no trinity there is God the father God the son (Jesus) They are not 2 in 1( Jesus is a separate entity from the father and a created being Pretty sure he is going to win so doesn?t study scripture( writes a song Constatine doesn?t mess with the sacred doctirens of the church but the way it presents itself