History ID's Final Exam

-federal agency designed to enforce the Wagner Act

-a system of mediation if no negotiation made with employer

-investigates and remedies unfair labor practices

*assures that everything is fair and that facilitated the process of forming unions and collective bargaining

-FDR, 1941

-freedom of speech, worship, from want, from fear

-idea of SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP spread to all people

-all citizens enjoy a level of economic security never seen before

*shows the desire/expectation that the US would be a model in all aspects (economic, militarily, socially) to the rest of the world (AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM)

*an attempt at equality and a society that is not skewed as had been previously

-divide between New Deal benefits that were earned (put $ into) and those that were said to be unearned privileges

-targeted programs seen as "handouts" and will make people lazy (poor programs attacked, such as AFDC)

*shows how different programs were perceived differently, depending on who they benefitted; represents the view of Americans that programs that benefitted the poor were bad and not worthy

-idea that strong fences make good neighbors

-no nation had right to intervene in affairs of another

*US stopped intervening and took a "hands-off" approach, much different; isolationist (which would become an increasing debate in later times as to whether US should intervene or not)

-early 1940

-Randolf=spokesperson, union leader

-mass march in WA (blacks demanded access to industrial jobs); if you're going to give this sense of expanded citizenship to ppl involved in war, have to expand it to all ppl

*created the FEPC (Fair Employment Practice Commisson) which prohibited discrimination

*shows the effect blacks could have

*first time since 1877 that federal gov't had asserted a policy of racial equality

-federal body created to investigate cases of employment discrimination

-formed because of March on WA Movement

*first time since 1877 that federal gov't had asserted a policy of racial equality

*created a huge problem for the Roosevelt Administration --> trying to create a policy but faced huge resistance which shows ongoing discrimination at time

-designed for returning veterans; ease their way back into life

-provided economic payments, college tuition, loan assistance to purchase homes

*first time working-class has become educated at a college level; increased economy, suburbs created because of this bill; prepetuated and contributed to institutionalized racison; reinforced gender lines and inequalities between males and females (only one could use)

-policy developed by banks to assess whether house was eligible for a loan or not

-Red areas=never given loan because high risk; red neighborhoods were always racially mixed

*impossible for blacks to qualify for a loan and excluded them from the newly forming suburbs and a better quality of life

-US had a special role to play (an exceptional role)

-the US is exceptional and is different from other countries

-complicated by US's relation with Soviet UNion (saw selves as leading communists)

*a contradiction between US as a model and undemocratic practices orccurring within the US; many things the US did contradicted this idea

-1947-51

-cash grants to Europe --> rebuild European nations and democracy

-goal=rebuilding a war devastated region, removing trade barriers and making Europe prosperous again

*demonstrated the helping out of another country but also highlighted tension with Soviet Union who saw it as an attempt to undermine Soviet influence

-1954

-a case of black girl forced to attend a segregated school in Topeka, Kansas

-Supreme Court ruled in favor of her and said that school segregation violated the 14th Amendment

*shows progress in racial inequality, but also because the enforcement implementation was left up in the air, created a battle for local communites for implementing (hard to do)

--> led to a series of mass mobilizations in South

-political organization and army in South Vietnam that fought the US and South Vietnamese governments during Vietnam War

-mostly communist

*reason why US maintained increased troop presence in Vietnam

*showed how the US viewed involvement in war as way to prevent a communist takeover of S. Vietnam and part of their wider strategy of containment

-increase in use of boming as a strategy in order to cut off supply roots from N to S Vietnam so that Vietcong couldn't get supplies

-bombing that didn't destroy infrastructure

*unsuccessful...shows huge support of many South Vietnamese because cutting off supply didn't work and changed the strategy to increased ground troops

*sucked the resources out of domestic programs that were important to Johnson (can’t spend money on war on poverty etc. because all money going into military)

-1968

-US soldiers went into village in S. Vietnam that they suspected the Vietcong were in, got startled and shot people

-initially US army said had not happened

*turned public opinion against the war (shift) and ended the Liberal Hour

-1964

SNCC tried to organize AA's to assert their voting rights; KKK attacked so SNCC recruited white college students to go with them in summer of 1964 (thought whites wouldn't be attacked)

-arrested on speeding charges--> jail, released in middle of night and beaten and murdered by KKK

*police/federal gov't didn't stop and told KKK the men had been released from jail which shows the ongoing racism of time and the gov't as not as trustworthy (as helping to promote discrimination)

-1965, emphasis on separation, not integration

-political response to Freedom Summer (saw SNCC fall)

-rejected non-violence

*a major breaking point for CRM, final straw, demonstrates how very deep racism had gotten and how fed up with it blacks were

-forms on campuses nation wide, students taking the lead for the first time

-fighting social and racial inequality

-in privileged position...have summers off

*students taking lead in progressive issues and activism  for the first time

-Redstockings; wanted more social equality (all men oppress women, not the gov't as it was for regular feminists)

-politics of intrapersonal relationships, not with gov't

-challenged gender norms, sexuality norms

*looking beyond just the state and to intrapersonal relationships

-radical feminism is part of

-new thinking (need to change internally in group)

-aiming for equal power but this isn't even happening in our own organization (men give speeches and women do rest)

*movements on the left start to define their aims as more than just trying to get something from the gov't or influence gov't policy; thinking about policy of internal organizations

-1950's, large group of people settled into gay and lesbian communities

*challenged mainstream norms and race/gender and is precursor to the New Left

-Different from CRM

-CRM wanted the right to vote, employment practices...this was about cultural pride and embracing it

-be proud of the cultural differences; think about everyday life and culture

*rather than wanting something from the gov't, thinking about personal embracing of race (change comes not from gov't but from way view self and interact on a daily basis)

-massive resistance against CR policies among whites and defense of segregation and preventing implementation of Brown decision

-aimed at terrorizing civil rights activists

-very successful..prevented implementation, hundreds of murders, church burnings without any investigation

*united the 3 strains of the New Right; shows power of emerging conservatist movement united around defense of white supremacy

-article written by Buckley (a conservative); opposition to CRM

-defense of segregation on claim that whites were superior to blacks

-sought to unite Libertarian and traditionalists and to defend segregationalists (on white supremacists grounds)

*uniting the strands to gain power and uniting on what they have in common

-training proxy armied (Hmong) to replace US soldiers in order to minimizae casualties of US soldiers

-turns them into enemies of the state in which they live and are persecuted when US is no longer protecting them; come to US as refugees

*ended the anti-war movement and also taught policy makers that have to do stuff in the shadows

-1952

-lifted ban on Asia but still a very strict quota (500)

*first imm act where quotas are based on region and not race; first to make exemption for refugees above and beyond set quotas

*for the first time immigration policy can only be understoof by looking at US foreign policy; foreign policy directly influencing immigration policy

-1965

-the end of the quota system

-anyone from Mexico, Central, and South America exempted

-a sense of America as a refuge (A Nation of Immigrants) so our immigration policy should be aligned with our goals and shouldn't be biased, model to world against slavery of communism

*turning point (movement of US away from racist policies)

-1973; made it necessary for the President to get Congress's approval before going to war

-effort to restrain secret military operations in Cold War during Vietnam

-response to Vietnam and subversive military tactics

*limited President's power in terms of miliary action and an attempt to restore US power (from Vietnam syndrome)

-an article and then a book making claim that America won the Cold War

-US's role was truly by cooperating with the SU, not "winning"

-Union itself dissolved because Reagan was open to negotiating

-this guy told a different story...said US won the war

*the end of history's book claiming US victory is a high-tide of American Exceptionalism and influenced the rest of the century; a resurgence in American Exceptionalism because of Cold War

-AIDs thing shattered!

-best way to encourage economic growth is to increase production (opposite of Keynesianism)

-lower taxes and tariffs to stimulate the economy (trade)

*huge turn from Keynesianism (federal spending), New Deal spending, and view that spending stimulates the economy (here it is the view that production stimpulates the economy)

-mass movement of religious conservatives that find enough political power to influence Republican part and find common ground with Libertarians

-find a common enemy in the federal government

-arrival of traditionalists to a place of power within the New Right around argument of state's rights

-came from lack of federal spending

-deindustrialization played a role and people with money went to the suburbs

-property values in cities decrease and less able to make up for federal cuts (opposite of suburbs)

-politicians focus on satisfying people in the suburbs (more support)

*created pockets of extreme and growing poverty (unemployment so people went to drug dealing as steady source of income)

*decreasing economic and political power in the cities (riots) and showed it wasn't the end

-associated with urban crisis because struck primarily urban communities of gay men

-treated as a moral problem, not a broad social problem (gov't tried to keep out of)

-focused on changing people's individual behavior (just say no, police crackdown on drugs)

-coupled with drugs

*not taken very seriously until heterosexuals began getting (showed reinforcement of diff type of stereotype and govt not wanting to get involved to help in "personal problems")

-response to conservative victories

-socially--> maintained new deal liberal ideas but changed economically

*showed major change in democratic economic policy and demonstrates the New Right's superiority and that they were a major player (3 strands united=very effective)