History Test #2

Temporary migrants who came to the United States to work and save money and then returned home to their native countries during the slack season. WWI interrupted the practice, trapping thousands of migrant workers in the United States

Founded in 1903, this group worked to organize women into trade unions. It also lobbied for laws to safeguard female workers and backed several successful strikes, especially in the garment industry. It accepted all women who worked, regardless of skill, and while it never attracted many members, its leaders were influential enough to give the union considerable power

Founded in 1905, this union, also known as the Wobblies, aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes

This school of early twentieth-century realist painters took as their subjects the slums and streets of the nation's cities and the lives of ordinary urban dwellers. They often celebrated life in the city but also advocated political and social reform

This political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912. After Taft won the Republican party's vote nomination, Roosevelt ran on the Progressive party ticket

During the 1890s and after, this important movement attracted followers who sought to free people from the often devastating impact of urban life. It focused on the need for tenement house laws, more stringent child labor regulations, and better working conditions for women. Social-justice reformers also brought pressure on municipal agencies for better community services and facilities

Founded  by Susan B. Anthony in 1890, this organization worked to secure women the right to vote. While some suffragists urged militant action, it stressed careful organization and peaceful lobbying. By 1920 it had nearly two million members

A doctrine that emerged in the early twentieth century, built largely on the ideas of Harvard psychologist and philosopher William James. Pragmatists were impatient with theories that held truth to be abstract; they believed that truth should work for the individual. They also believed that people were not only shaped by their environment but also helped to shape it. Ideas that worked, according to pragmatists, became truth

A law that strengthened the rate-making power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, again reflecting the era's desire to control the power of the railroads. It increased the ICC's membership from five to seven, empowered it to fix reasonable railroad rates, and broadened its jurisdiction. It also mad ICC rulings binding pending court appeals

As president, Theodore Roosevelt made this principle one of his administration's top goals. Conservation in his view aimed at protecting the nation's natural resources, but called for the wise use of them rather than locking them away. Roosevelt's policies were opposed by those who favored preservation of the wilderness over its development

Roosevelt's program called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them

Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government

An early accomplishment of the Wilson administration, this law reduced the tariff rates of the Payne-Aldrich law of 1909 by about 15 percent. It also levied a graduated income tax to make up for lost revenue

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency

An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property

This 1903 treaty granted the United States control over a canal zone 10 miles wide across the Isthmus of Panama. In return, the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama and agreed to pay Panama a onetime fee of $10 million and an annual rental of $250,000

A corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which asserted that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs if the countries themselves could not keep their affairs in order

This policy, adopted by President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox, sought to promote U.S. financial and business interests abroad. It aimed to replace military alliances with economic ties, with the idea of increasing American influence and securing lasting peace. Under this policy, Taft worked in Latin America to replace European loans with American ones, assumed the debts of countries such as Honduras to fend off foreign bondholders

Policy adopted by President Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar diplomacy." Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy. Wilson, however, often ended up pursing policies much like those followed by Roosevelt and Taft

This 1917 law provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 for a military draft. By the end of WWI, 24.2 million men had registered; 2.8 million had been inducted into the army. The age limits were later changed to 18 and 45

Created in 1917 by President Wilson and headed by progressive journalist George Creel, this organization rallied support for American involvement in WWI through art, advertising, and film. Creel worked out a system of voluntary censorship with the press and distributed colorful posters and pamphlets. The CPI's Division of Industrial Relations rallied labor to help the war effort

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection

A wartime law that imposed harsh penalties on anyone using "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the U.S. government, flag, or armed forces

An example of the many boards and commissions created during WWI, this government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they would and could not produce

a wartime government agency that encouraged Americans to save food in order to supply the armies overseas. It fixed prices to boost production, asked people to observe "meatless" and "wheatless" days to conserve food, and promoted the planting of "victory gardens" behind homes, schools, and churches

In January 1918, President Wilson presented these terms for a far-reaching, nonpunitive settlement of WWI. He called, among other things, for removal of barriers to trade, open peace accords, reduction of armaments, and the establishment of a League of Nations. While generous and optimistic, the Points did not satisfy wartime hunger for revenge, and thus were largely rejected by European nations

A wave of anticommunist, antiforeign, and antilabor hysteria that swept over America at the end of WWI. It resulted in the deportation of many alien residents and the violation of the civil liberties of many of its victims

An African American cultural, literary, and artistic movement centered in Harlem, an area in New York City, in the 1920s. Harlem, the largest black community in the world outside of Africa, was considered the cultural capital of African Americans

The ban of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States. The Eighteenth Amendment, adopted in 1919, established prohibition. It was repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment in 1933. While prohibition was in effect, it reduced national consumption of alcohol, but it was inconsistently enforced and was often evaded, especially in the cities

Hostility to things foreign

this 1924 law established a quota system to regulate the influx of immigrants to America. The system reduced immigration from southern and eastern Europe and barred immigration from Asia

The 1924 Scopes trial was a contest between modern liberalism and religious fundamentalism. John T. Scopes was on trial for teaching Darwinian evolution in defiance of a Tennessee state law. He was found guilty and fined $100. On appeal, Scopes's conviction was set aside on a technicality

A 1924 scandal in which Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall was convicted of accepting bribes in exchange for leasing government-owned oil lands in Wyoming (Teapot Dome) and California (Elk Hills) to private oil businessmen

In accepting the nomination of the Democratic party in 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt promised a "new deal" for the American people. After his election, the label was applied to his program of legislation passed to combat the Great Depression. The New Deal included measures aimed at relief, reform, and recovery. They achieved some relief and considerable reform but little recovery

In June 1932, a group of twenty thousand WWI veterans marched on Washington, D.C., to demand immediate payment of their bonuses voted by Congress in 1924. Congress rejected their demands, and President Hoover, fearing that theirs ranks were infested with criminals and radicals, had the Bonus Army forcibly removed from their encampment. It was a public relations disaster for Hoover

A series of radio addresses by Roosevelt from 1933-1944, in which the president spoke to the American people about such issues as the banking crisis, social security, and WWII

A New Deal effort at regional planning created by Congress in 1933, this agency built dams and power plants on the Tennessee River and its tributaries. Its programs for flood control, soil conservation, and reforestation helped raise the standard of living for millions in the Tennessee River valley

One of the most popular New Deal programs, the CCC was created by Congress to provide young men between the ages 18 and 25 with government jobs in reforestation and other conservation projects. It eventually employed over 300,000

New Deal agency created to provide work relief for the unemployed

A keystone of the early New Deal, this federal agency was created in 1933 to promote economic recovery and revive industry during the Great Depression. It permitted manufacturers to establish industrywide codes of "fair business practices," setting prices and production levels. It also provided for minimum wages and maximum working hours for labor and guaranteed labor the right to organize and bargain collectively. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1935

Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal, this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production. The object was to raise farm prices, and it did, but the act did nothing for tenant farmers and sharecroppers. The Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1936

The 1935 Social Security Act established a system of old age, unemployment, and survivors' insurance funded by wage and payroll taxes. It did not include health insurance and did not originally cover many of the most needy groups and individuals

The 1935 Wagner act, formally known as the National Labor Relations Act, created the National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections and designate winning unions as official bargaining agents. The board could also issue cease-and-desist orders to emplyers who dealt unfairly with their works

Concerned that the conservative Supreme Court might declare all his New Deal programs unconstitutional, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Congress to allow him to appoint additional justices to the Court. Both Congress and the public rejected this scheme, and it was defeated

This 1928 agreement was the brainchild of U.s. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French premier Aristide Briand. It pledged its signatories, eventually including nearly all nations, to shun war as an instrument of policy. Derided as an "international kiss," it had little effect on the actual conduct of world affairs

During WWII, the alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan was known as the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis," and the three members were called the Axis Powers. They fought against the Allied Powers, led by the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union

Reacting to their disillusionment with WWI and absorbed in the domestic crisis of the Great Depression, Americans backed Congress's three neutrality acts in the 1930s. The 1935 and 1936 acts forbade selling munitions or lending money to belligerents in a war. The 1937 act required that all remaining trade be conducted on a cash-and-carry basis

Arguing that aiding Britain would help America's own self-defense, President Roosevelt in 1941 asked Congress for the $7 billion Lend-Lease plan. This would allow the president to sell, lend, lease, or transfer war materials to any country whose defense he declared as vital to that of the United States

On December 7, 1941, Japanese warplanes attacked U.S. naval forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, sinking several ships and killing more than 2400 American sailors. The event marked America's entrance into WWII

D-Day (June 6, 1944) was the day Allied troops crossed the English Channel and opened a second front in western Europe during WWII. The "D" stands for "disembarkation": to leave a ship and go ashore

The slaughter of six million Jews and other persons despised by Hitler's regime

Yalta, a city in the Russian Crimea, hosted this wartime conference of the Allies in February 1945 in which the Allies agreed to final plans for the defeat of Germany and the terms of its occupation. The Soviets agreed to allow free election in Poland, but the elections were never held

The top-secret WWII program that produced the first atomic weapons

Created in 1909, this organization quickly became one of the most important civil rights organizations in the country. The NAACP pressured employers, labor unions, and the government on behalf of African Americans

An American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is regarded as the father of scientific management and was one of the first management consultants. Taylor was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era

The site of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire that killed 146 garment workers on March 25, 1911. The fire led to wide-ranging legislation requiring improved factory safety standards

Applied science or the bio-social movement which advocates the use of practices aimed at improving the genetic composition of a population. By the mid-20th century eugenics had fallen into disfavor, having become associated with Nazi Germany

American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and several times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States. Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States

An American Republican (and later a Progressive) politician. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, was the Governor of Wisconsin, and was also a U.S. Senator from Wisconsin. He is best remembered as a proponent of progressivism and a vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, World War I, and the League of Nations

President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of organized labor

The slogan describing U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Two ships attacked by German submarines which contributed to the U.S. entry into the war

A federal agency created in April 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson. It was composed of twelve representatives from business and labor, and co-chaired by Former President William Howard Taft. Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers in order to ensure labor reliability and productivity during the war

Ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required Germany to accept responsibility for causing the war

He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than thirty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s.Early in his career Coughlin was a vocal supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his early New Deal proposals, before later becoming a harsh critic of Roosevelt as too friendly to bankers

An American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan," this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system

One of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association

A federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States. The CIO supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Coalition, and was open to African Americans. Both federations (AFL) grew rapidly during the Great Depression

Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial differences

Established as a government agency on January 16, 1942 by executive order of Franklin D. Roosevelt. The purpose of the board was to regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States. The WPB converted and expanded peacetime industries to meet war needs, allocated scarce materials vital to war production, established priorities in the distribution of materials and services, and prohibited nonessential production

U.S. government agency created during World War II to consolidate government information services. It coordinated the release of war news for domestic use, and, using posters and radio broadcasts, worked to promote patriotism, warned about foreign spies and attempted to recruit women into war work

Leader in the U.S.'s Negro civil-rights movement and the American labor movement. He organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, the first predominantly Negro labor union

Code name for the Battle of Normandy, the operation that launched the invasion of German-occupied western Europe during World War II by Allied forces