How Fantasy Becomes Reality
Consumer Communications 102 with Bushman at University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
About this deck
By: Jud Gilbert
Textbook:
How Fantasy Becomes Reality: Seeing Through Media Influence
Created: 2010-01-25
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 67
Textbook:
How Fantasy Becomes Reality: Seeing Through Media InfluenceCreated: 2010-01-25
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 67
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Describes in a systematic manner the most prevalent aspect of a media source, and how often it occurs
Content Analysis
A content analysis does not what is being studied, can study processes over periods of time, yet cannot establish
impact, long, effect
If a correlation coefficient is between -1 and 1, yet is not zero, the variables are related
linearly
The value of the correlation coefficient indicates the of the relation
strength
The same result is observed over and over again by different researchers
Replication
Employing different methodologies in order to examine a given phenomenon
Triangulation
A literature review that combines results from different studies on the same topic
meta-analysis
The process of learning associations
conditioning
according to Pavlov, meat powder was the , and salivation was the respective
Unconditioned stimulus, Unconditioned response
according to Pavlov, ringing a bell to the smell of meat powder was the , and salivation was the respective
Conditioned stimulus, Conditioned response
When learned responses to stimuli are similar to the original conditioned stimulus (having a fall induces fear of flying)
Stimulus Generalization
When one learns to respond to a specific stimulus, but not another similar stimuli
Stimulus Discrimination
When an organism is voluntarily conditioned to perform a naturally occurring activity by means of intervention
Operant Conditioning
Positive reinforcement...
Negative reinforcement...
...adds pleasure
...removes pain
Positive punishment...
Negative punishment...
...causes pain
...removes pleasure
Something that satisfies a biological need (food)
Primary reinforcer
Something that satisfies a learned value (money)
Secondary reinforcer
When reinforcement occurs after a predetermined number of responses
fixed ratio
When reinforcement occurs after a random number of responses
variable ratio
When reinforcement occurs after a predetermined amount of time
fixed interval
When reinforcement occurs after a random amount of time
variable interval
Providing reinforcements at each attempt at operant conditioning that brings the subject a little closer to the desired response
shaping
Successful punishment has 5 required factors
1. intense
2. prompt
3. consistent and direct
4. perceived as justified
5. possibility for eventual reward
5 consequences of punishment
1. temporary suppression of aggression
2. conditioning to avoid parents
3. can instigate retaliation
4. home aggression = outside aggression
5. punishment style forms behavior style
The proposition that learning a new behavior involves "monkey see, monkey do" with another person
Observational Learning Theory
(Imitation & Social Learning)
Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior if (4)...
1. Model is similar to observer
2. Model has admired status
3. Model is rewarded
4. The behavior has functional value
4 primary requirements of Observational Learning Theory processes
1. attention (consequences)
2. retention (rehearsal)
3. reproduction (ability)
4. motivation (benefits)
What you think and how you feel are reflected in your...
Behavior
Internal processes that come between a stimulus and a response
intervening variables (mediating variable)
Who proposed social cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura
Social cognitive theories should revolve mostly around...
self-beliefs
the self's capacity to alter its own responses.
self-regulation
list 4 distinct cognitive capacities according to social cognitive theory
1. Symbolizing Capacity
2. Self-reflective Capacity
3. Self-regulatory Capacity
4. Vicarious Capacity
Cause people to refrain from antisocial behaviors
Inhibitory effects
Lifts restraints on antisocial behavior
Disinhibitory effects
People believe their otherwise deplorable actions are justified because they serve a "higher purpose" (stole to provide for family)
Moral Justification
By comparing their own deplorable acts with even more serious acts of others, people make their own acts look trivial by comparison
Advantageous Comparison
By calling a deplorable act something other than what it is, the act is trivialized and one can engage in it without self-contempt.
Euphemistic Labeling
A mechanism by which people lessen their responsibility in causing harm by acknowledging that he or she may have caused harm, but denying that it was intended or denying responsibility
Displacement of Responsibility
The tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility by spreading it among all other group members.
Diffusion of Responsibility
after people engage in deplorable acts, they can ease their conscience by ignoring or distorting the harm caused by their conduct
Denial of Consequences
Victims are made out to be subhuman and therefore not worthy of humane treatment.
Dehumanization
Blaming the victim or the situation
Attribution of Blame
people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Belief in a Just World
offers a much better opportunity for development than does media
play
list five elements of a high-risk portrayal in the media which teaches children aggressive behaviors
1. attractive perpetrator
2. seemingly justified violence
3. unpunished violence
4. minimal consequence to the victim
5. seemingly realistic
what percent of parents said their child had been scared that a media occurrence might occur to them?
62%
the we get, the more we rely on cognitive strategies to tell ourselves that certain things aren't .
older, real
hours of television viewing at ages one and three were associated with ......... problems at age seven
attentional
Pediatricians reckon that for every hour per day a preschool child watches TV, his risk of later attentional problems increases by...
10%
between what percentages of US teens are users of the internet for various functions?
75-90%
The idea that people engage in more extreme behavior when they don't think they will take so much of the blame for that behavior
deindividuation
when fictional knowledge becomes solidified as being true the less we remember about the source
The Sleeper Effect
The theory explaining why people are persuaded by fiction due to a deep engagement in the story
Transportation
The theory proposing that we compare our lives to those of others, even people in the media
Social Comparison theory
a 30 second commercial during the superbowl costs approximately...
2.5 million
In nations with the death penalty, crime rates are ..... to ....... percent higher
48, 102 %
Media is much like..........because we know it will not affect us immediately, and thus do not consider the long term effects
cigarettes
fast food
subjects exposed to videogame violence were likely to have lower levels of
empathy
negative reactions to media violence become......... with increased exposure
reduced, blunted
the.......violent the game, the ......... likely the person will think it has a negative effect
more, less
list three core effects of violent videogames
1. increases heart rate/ blood pressure
2. increases aggressive affect, behavior, and cognition
3. decreases the incentive to help others
name seven myths about media effects. Media effects are:
1. simple and direct
2. severe if violent
3. obvious
4. unanimously effective if violent
5. necessarily and sufficiently causal
6. immediate if causal
7. "big" if important at all
T/F: watching more media violence predicts whether you will beat your spouse or end up in jain for a violent crime
True
subjects who watched violent TV as third graders were reliably the young adults who were the most.............
aggressive
conservative papers are more likely to report that gender differences are............... and liberal papers are more likely to report that gender differences are...................
biological, learned
the idea that there are several layers of meaning constructed in any single message in the media
multidimensionalism
the primary reason people produce media is to make a...
profit
list the three main reasons people read magazine articles
1. to relax and pass time
2. to keep up with the knowledge of society
3. to learn what others do, and what they value.
The idea that we are all swayed by the media, yet we all feel confident enough to say that we are unaffected, uncontrollable beings
Media Manipulation Denial Syndrome
Defending media producers' rights to do whatever they want to make money
Media Apology
The idea that mental inconsistencies cause discomfort which we want and try to change through rationalization
Cognitive dissonance
shifting attention immediately towards a distant stimulus when it
the orienting response
About this deck
By: Jud Gilbert
Textbook: How Fantasy Becomes Reality: Seeing Through Media Influence
Created: 2010-01-25
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 67
Textbook:
How Fantasy Becomes Reality: Seeing Through Media InfluenceCreated: 2010-01-25
Size: 75 flashcards
Views: 67
About StudyBlue
STUDYBLUE makes things that make you better at school.
Things like online flashcards with photos and audio.
Things like personalized quizzes and friendly reminders about when (and what) to study next.
Think of it as a digital backpack™: access to all of your study materials online and on your phone.
STUDYBLUE exists to make studying efficient and effective for every student, for free. Join us.
“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis
Dennis