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Science Bio 111 with Asnicar at Indiana Wesleyan University

About this deck

By: Chrissy Lo
Textbook:

Human Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology 10-System Suite, 8th Edition
Created: 2011-03-01
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 22

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what are the first 2 step of Inspiration?

1. The inspiratory muscles contract (diaphragm descends; rib cage rises).

2. Thoracic cavity volume INCREASES

What occurs during the next 2 steps?

3. Lungs are stretched causing intrapulmonary Volume to increase

4. Intrapulmonary Pressure decreases to -1 mm Hg

What is the last step of Inspiration?

Air (gases) flow into the lungs, down its pressure gradient, until intrapulmonary pressure = 0 (the same as atmospheric pressure)

T/F- Diaphragm moves superiorly during contraction.

False, it moves inferior during contraction

What are the first 2 steps of expiration?

1. Inspiratory muscles relax (diaphragm RISES, rib cage DESCENDS due to recoil of costal cartilages).

2. Thoracic cavity volume DECREASES

What are the next 2 steps of Expiration?

3. Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary Volume DECREASES

4. Intrapulmonary Pressure rises to +1 mm Hg

Describe the last step of Expiration

Air (gases) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0.

The diaphragm moves (superiorly or inferiorly) during expiration

Moves superiorly

Where is airway resistance greatest?

In the medium sized bronchi

List 5 things that resistance is affected by:

Innervation

Inhaled irritants/chemicals

Drugs

Mucus/infectious material

tumors

As resistance increases, flow ____________.

Decreases

F (Gas flow) = Change in pressure divided by ________.

Resistance

What is the major component of Alveolar coating?

Water

In alveolar coating, polar molecules are drawn close together to resist any force that causes them to spread. This cohesiveness is called _____________ ____________.

Surface Tension

What do Type II Alveolar cells produce to reduce surface tension?

Produce Surfactant (lipid & protein mixture)

Why is surfactant important?

-It requires less energy to expand lungs

-Avoids alveolar collapse

What can be caused if there is too little surfactant?

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

What are respiratory volumes measured with?

A spirometer

What is the formula for total lung capacity & Vital capacity?

Total lung Capacity: (TLC) = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Vital Capacity: (VC) = TV + IRV + ERV

TV= tidal volume IRV= Inspiratory reserve volume ERV= Expiratory reserve volume RV= Residual volume

What is an average male's total lung capacity? Vital Capacity?

Total lung Capacity: 6000 ml

Vital Capacity: 4800 ml

What is the formula for the Inspiratory Capacity? Functional Residual Capacity?

Inspiratory Capacity: (IC)= TV + IRV

Functional Residual Capacity: (FRC)= ERV + RV

What is dead space? What is an average amount for it?

The volume that doesn't participate in gas exchange in the alveoli

Also called anatomical dead space

-About 150 ml

What are 3 things that you can do using a spirometer:

1. Evaluate losses in function

2. Follow course of the disease

3. Differentiate between obstructive & restrictive lung diseases

What is one drawback of using a spirometer?

It doesn't provide specific diagnosis

Obstructive pulmonary disorder causes (increased or decreased) airway resistance. What is the best example of this?

Increased airway resistance

Best example: Emphysema

Give 2 examples of Increased airway resistance besides emphysema.

Chronic bronchitis and asthma

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease may cause increase in...

Inflation, Total lung capacity, Functional Residual Capacity, and Residual Volume

(TLC, FRC, RV)

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders cause a reduction in what?

Reduction in total lung capacity

What causes Restrictive Pulmonary disorders?

Structural or functional changes in the lungs due to diseases such as tuberculosis or fibrosis from insults.

Restrictive pulmonary disorders may cause reduction of:

Lung expansion, Vital Capacity, Functional Residual Capacity, Total lung capacity, and Residual volume.

(VC, TLC, FRC, RV)

What does FVC stand for and how is it measured?

Forced Vital Capacity-

Take a deep breath, then forcibly exhale maximally as rapidly as possible

What does FEV stand for and what does it determine?

Forced Expiratory Volume

determines the amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC test

Compare the normal % of FVC1 to that of a person with a restrictive or an obstructive pulmonary disorder

Normal, healthy- 80% of FVC

-Obstructive: low FEV

-Restrictive: low FVC

Is the alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR) more/less accurate index of ventilation than minute ventilation?

AVR is a more accurate index

What are the calculations to determine the AVR?

AVR (ml/min)= frequency (breaths/minute) X (TV-dead space, in ml/breath)

What is the AVR in a normal, healthy person?

4,200 ml/min

When the volume (depth) of inspiration increases, what happens to the AVR?

The AVR increases

According to Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure-The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases = ?

The sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

According to Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure- Pressure exerted by each gas (its partial pressure) is directly proportional to what?

To its percentage in the total gas mixture

According to Henry's law- When mixture of gas is in contact with liquid, what will the gas do?

The gas will dissolve in liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

What does the ability of gas to dissolve in liquid depend on?

It depends on the solubility of gas in liquid and temperature of the liquid

T/F- A Hyperbaric oxygen chamber forces less than normal amounts of oxygen into the patient's blood.

False, It forces greater than normal amounts of oxygen into patient's blood

Oxygen is only ________ as soluble as CO2 in water (plasma).

1/20th

T/F- Alveolar gas contains more CO2 and much less 02 then the atmosphere

TRUE

Describe the gas exchange that occurs in the lungs

CO2 from pulmonary blood --> aveoli

O2 from alveoli --> pulmonary blood

T/F- Increasing depth and rate of breathing changes alveolar gas compisition

TRUE

What are the factors influencing gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?

1. Partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities

2. Ventilation-perfusion coupling

3. Thin Respiratory Membrane

4. Large alveolar surface area

When ventilation is inadequate, what occurs?

-Arterioles constrict

-Redirects blood to area where Po2 is higher

Passageways where CO2 is high causes what?

Causes dilation to eliminate CO2 rapidly

What does a thin respiratory membrane improve?

Improves the efficiency of gas exchange

Why is a large alveolar surface area important?

It has 40x greater

Where would one find a reduced alveolar surface area?

Emphysema, tumors, mucus, inflammatory material

Po2 in tissues is always (lower OR higher) than that in systemic arterial blood

It is always lower

How does CO2 move into the blood?

It moves quickly along its partial pressure gradient

What is the partial pressure of O2 & CO2 from inspired air?

PO2 = 160 mm Hg

PCO2 = 0.3 mm Hg

What is the Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the Alveoli of the lungs?

PO2 = 104 mm Hg

PCO2 = 40 mm HG

What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in blood leaving the tissues & entering the lungs?

P02 = 40 mm Hg

PCO2 = 45 mm Hg

What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in blood leaving the lungs and entering the tissue cappilaries?

P02 = 100 mm Hg

PCO2 = 40 mm Hg

What is the partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in the tissues?

PO2 = less than 40 mm Hg

PCO2 = greater than 45 mm Hg

T/F- Oxygen is extremely soluble in water

False, it is poorly soluble in water

What % of Oxygen does hemoglobin carry?

98.5%

Hemoglobin Provides rapid, reversible oxygen loading & unloading, what is the formula that shows this?

HHb + O2 -----> HbO2 + H+

<------

HHb= Hemoglobin that has released oxygen, deoxyhemoglobin

HbO2= Hemoglobin combined with oxygen, oxyhemoglobin

The reaction between hemoglobin & oxygen is what kind of (forward/backward) reaction in the lungs? In the tissues?

In the lungs = forward reaction

In the tissues = reverse reaction

T/F- The affinity of hemoglobin changes depending on the state of oxygen saturation.

TRUE

What does the Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve show?

It shows the influence of P02 on HB saturation

At what PO2 is Hemoglobin almost completely saturated at?

70 mm Hg

What does the steep portion of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve correspond to?

The rapid loading and unloading at partial pressures

What % of Oxygen is unloaded to the tissues?

25%

What are 2 influences on Hb Saturation?

-Increase in temperature

-[H+] in blood

What are 3 effects of an increase in temperature & [H+] in the blood?

1. Decreases HB's affinity for O2

2. The O2-hemoglobin-dissosiation curve shifts to the RIGHT

3. Enhances O2 unloading from the blood

* these are at their highest in the systemic cappilaries

What is the effect of Pco2 on the Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Decreased Pco2 = shifts to the left

Increased Co2 = shifts to the right

What is the effect of temperature on the Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Decreased temp = shifts to the left, increased pH

Increased temp = shifts to the right, decreases pH

Define Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues

Give 4 examples of Hypoxia:

Anemic hypoxia: poor O2 delivery from too few RBCs or RBCS that contain abnormal or too little HB

Ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia:

Histotoxic hypoxia:

Hypoxemic (hypoxic):

What caused Anemic Hypoxia?

Poor O2 delivery from too few RBCs or RBCS that contain abnormal or too little HB

What causes Ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia?

Results when blood circulation is impaired or blocked

When does Histotoxic hypoxia occur and what causes it?

Occurs when body cells cannot use 02 even when adequate amounts are available. Caused by metabolic poisons, such as cyanide

What causes Carbon Monoxide poisoning?

Being in a fire

it is a colorless, odorless gas that overcomes O2.

What is an example of Hypoxemic (hypoxic): Hypoxia?

Carbon monoxide poisoning

What % of carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma?

7-10% of Co2

During Co2 transport, Co2 is chemically bound to the amino acids of ___________

Hemoglobin

20% of transported CO2 is carried within RBCs as ________________.

Carbaminohemoglobin

T/F- The transport of CO2 often interferes with Oxygen binding to heme.

False- it does not interfere

________ % of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ion in the _____________.

7-% of Co2, in the plasma

What is the purpose of the Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Resists shifts in blood pH

What are the effects of slow/shallow breathing & fast/deep breathing on the Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?

Slow/shallow breathing: INCREASES carbonic acid level, DROPS pH

fast/deep breathing: DROPS carbonic acid level, INCREASES pH

What formula shows the influence of CO2 on blood pH

Co2+ H20 <------> H2CO3 <------------> H++HCO3-

carbonic acid bicarbonate ion

slide 50 for clarification

What is in charge of the neural control of respiration? What group is it a part of?

The Medulla!

Part of the Ventral respiratory Group (VRG)

What are the functions of the Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) vs. the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

VRG: Pacesetting respiratory center, keeps 12-15 breaths/minute, keeps eupnea (good breathing!)

DRG: Integrates input from peripheral stretch & chemoreceptors

What are the 3 main factors influencing the rate & depth of Breath

1. Inflation

2. Higher Brain Center

3. Chemical controls

What is the function of the Hering-Breuer Reflex

Works against inflation, protective to prevent excess stretch

What controls in the higher brain center most influence the rate & depth of breath?

-Hypothalamic Controls

-Cortical controls

What are the 3 main chemical controls that influence the rate & depth of breath?

Pco2

Po2

Arterial pH

Pco2= the most powerful respiratory stimulant/suppressant

Stimulant

Increased Pco2 = _____________. This causes pH to rise/drop

Hypercapnia = causes pH to drop

Hypercapnia stimulates _________ __________,which triggers ________.

Stimulates central chemoreceptors, triggers hyperventilation

Decreased Pco2 triggers __________ & _________________.

Apnea & hypoventilation

What is chronic bronchitis caused by & what does it cause?

Caused by: excessive mucus production

Causes: Obstructed airways

What are the effects of Emphysema?

-Accessory muscles are needed to help breath

-Hyperinflation creates "barrel chest"

How many people in the US suffer from asthma? What are some of the symptoms?

15 million in the US

-episodes of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness, & airway inflammation

What are the 2 main treatments of Asthma?

-Inhaled bronchodilators

-Inhaled steroids

Airway inflammation is an immune respinse by ________________, it stimulates _____ ______________, and triggers ________________.

Immune response by T lymphocytes, stimulates IgE production, and triggers allergens from home

About this deck

By: Chrissy Lo
Textbook:

Human Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Physiology 10-System Suite, 8th Edition
Created: 2011-03-01
Size: 107 flashcards
Views: 22

About StudyBlue

“Simply amazing. The flash cards are smooth, there are many different types of studying tools, and there is a great search engine. I praise you on the awesomeness.”
Dennis